Microbial Nutrition presentation

In this presentation we can see.
What is microbial nutrition and what kind of nutrients take by the microbes, types of nutrients and how microbes uptake nutrients and classification of microorganisms on the basis of nutrition. And Growth factors for microbial growth .What is passive diffusion ,active transport and phagocytosis,

1. Microbial Nutrition Prepared by- Pradhumn Udainiya M.Sc.-1 st SEM Department of Biotechnology Barkatullah University Bhopal

2. Introduction Nutrition :- Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities. Nu t rients :- Substances in the environment used by organisms for catabolism and anabolism. ( Pommerville,2006)

3. Importance of nutrient Nutrients are necessary for microbial growth and play a vital role in the proper cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory and for proper growth in their natural environments. The nutrients used to propagate growth are organism -specific, based on their cellular and metabolic processes. (Hogg, 2013)

4. Classification of nutrients ( Pommerville,2006)

5. Micronutrients Micronutrient Cellular Function Cobalt Vitamin B12; transcarboxylase ( propionic acid bacteria) Copper Respiration (cytochrome c oxidase); photosynthesis (plastocyanin, some superoxide dismutases). Manganese Acts as Activator of various enzyme. Molybdenum Present in some flavin-containing enzymes, nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, sulphide oxidase, some formate dehydrogenases. Nickel Present in most hydrogenase enzyme. Tungsten In some formate dehydrogenases. Zinc In carbonic anhydrase; alcohol dehydrogenases; RNA and DNA polymerases. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/nutritional-requirements-of-microorganisms/55070

6. Macronutrients Element Functions Carbon Constituent of all organic cell material. Hydrogen Constituent of cellular water, organic cell materials Oxygen Molecular oxygen serves as an electron receptor in aerobic respiration Nitrogen Constituent of proteins, nucleic acid and coenzyme. Phosphorus Constituent of nucleic acid s, phospholipids, coenzymes. Sulphur Constituent of some amino acids (cysteine & methionine) and some coenzymes(CoA & Cocarboxylase) https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/nutritional-requirements-of-microorganisms/55070

7. Hydrogen Source :- Major element in all organic compounds and several Inorganic ones,(water, salts and gases). Roles of hydrogen: Maintaining pH Forming the H-bond Source of Elements https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen

8. Oxygen source :- Major component of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Play an important role in structural and enzymatic functions of cell. https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen

9. Nitrogen source :- Nitrogen is part of the Structure of proteins, DNA, RNA and ATP-these are the primary source of nitrogen heterotrophs. Some bacteria and algae use inorganic N sources (NO3,NO2, Or NH3) https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen

10. Sulfur Source :- Sulphur is found in living organism in the form of compound such as amino acid ,coenzymes and vitamins. Available as sulfate (SO 4 -- ) or sulfide (S -- ). https://www.britannica.com/science/sulfur

11. Phosphorus source :- Phosphorus is a constituent of nucleic acids, sugar phosphate and phosphate esters such as the ATP/ADP/AMP system of cellular energy transfer. Phosphate can possibly serve as a terminal electron acceptor in the absence of sulfate, nitrate and oxygen. https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphorus-chemical-element

12. Classification of micro-organism On the basis of Nutrition type Willey et al.,(2008)

13. Autotrophs Autotrophs can rely on carbon dioxide as a carbon source,reducing or “fixing” it this inorganic form of carbon into an organic molecule . Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food, using materials from inorganic sources Ex .- Anabaena flosaquae, Aphanizomenon flosaquae, Microcystis aeruginosa etc. Cyanobacteria https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/geography/cyanobacteria.html

14. Heterotrophs A heterotroph is an organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. Heterotrophs can used reduced, preformed organic substances as a carbon source. Ex .- Aspergillus , Fusarium , Penicillium etc. https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/rhizobium/ Rhizobium

15. Phototrophs Phototrophs, typically a plant, obtaining energy from sunlight as its source of energy to convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration. Use light energy for certain metabolic functions. Ex .- Rhodobacter spheriods Rhodopseudomonas capsulata , Bacillus megaterium etc. Euglena https://www.southernbiological.com/introduction-to-euglena/ ( Pommerville ,2006)

16. Chemotrophs Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy through chemical process called chemosynthesis rather than by  photosynthesis. Obtains energy mainly from carbon dioxide and from other inorganic chemicals through a process called chemosynthesis. Ex .- Methanococcus maripaludis,Methanosarcina acetivorans etc. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/8/89/Zdrs0232.jpg Nitrosomonas

17. Lithotrophs A  lithotroph  is an organism that uses an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.  Lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the  lithotrophs  are called "prokaryotic symbionts “. Ex.- Thiobacillus , Chromeatiacea , chlorobiaceae etc https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/799100/view/chromatium-sp-purple-sulphur-bacterium-sem Purple sulphur bacteria

18. Organotrophs Organotrophs is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates. Decomposers are  organotrophs  because they feed on dead bodies of organisms and organic wastes of living organisms. The decomposer organisms secrete digestive enzymes to digest the organic matter externally Ex.- Chloroflexaceae , Rhodospirillaceae etc. https://www.condalab.com/int/en/blog/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-primarily-responsible-for-cosmetic-removal-n170 Pseudomonas

19. Large Majority of Microorganisms https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-B9780124701007500029

20. Growth Factors https://www.longdom.org/open-access/microbial-nutrition-and-growth.pdf ( Singh,2012)

21. Function of some common vitamin in micro-organism Vitamin Function Vitamin B 1 Part of coenzyme cocarboxylase ; has many functions, including the metabolism of pyruvic acid. Vitamin B 2 Coenzyme in flavoprotiens; active in electron transfers Niacin Part of NAD molecule ; active in electron transfer Vitamin B 6 Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism Vitamin B 12 Methyl cynocobalamide involved in the transfer of methyl groups Pantothenic acid Involved in the metabolism of pyruvic acid and lipids Biotin Involved in carbon dioxide fixation reactions and fatty acid synthesis Folic acid Coenzyme used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines Vitamin E Needed for cellular and macromolecule synthesis Vitamin K Coenzyme used in electron transport ( Pommerville,2006)

22. Uptake of Nutrients Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable membrane through passive diffusion and must be transported by one of membrane carrier protein. Phagocytosis Permeability absorption - Passive transport Active transport (Hogg, 2013)

23. Phagocytosis The process by which cells engulf solid matter is called phagocytosis. There are four essential steps in phagocytosis: T he plasma membrane entraps the food particle. A vacuole forms within the cell to contain the food particle. L ysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. E nzymes of the lysosomes digest the food particle. (Hogg, 2013)

24. Passive transport Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration as a result of random thermal agitation. Rate of transport depends on the difference in solute between the inside and outside of the cell. Therefore, inefficient for most compounds because difference in solute concentration is not high enough for reasonable transport rate. https://www.dreamstime.com/active-passive-transport-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-cell-scheme-vs-comparison-diffusion-facilitated-various-image178985005

25. Active transport Energy-dependent transport of solutes from a lower concentration to a higher one via specific membrane bound carrier proteins. Frequently, periplasmic binding proteins help deliver compound to the correct plasma membrane transport protein. https://www.dreamstime.com/active-passive-transport-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-cell-scheme-vs-comparison-diffusion-facilitated-various-image178985005

26. Iron uptake Iron is an important micronutrient for virtually all living organisms except lactic acid bacteria where manganese and cobalt are used in place of iron Under aerobic conditions, the ferrous ion is unstable. Via the Fenton reaction, ferric ion and reactive oxygen species are created, the latter of which can damage biological macromolecules https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Bruslind)/11%3A_Microbial_Nutrition

27. Recent Research Multi-faceted approaches to discovering and predicting microbial nutritional interactions 6 October 2020 Sebastian Gude and Michiko E Taga Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA

28. References Atlas R.M., Bartha R.,(2005),Interactions between Microorganisms and Plants-In, "Microbial Ecology”,Pearson E ducation, Delhi, pp. 99-133 Biesalski H.K.,(2016), Nutrition meets the microbiome: micronutrients and the microbiota , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1:1-13 Chan E.C.S.,(2003), Microbial nutrition and basic metabolism ;In “Handbook of water and Wastewater microbiology”, Elsevier Publications, 1-31 ,ISBN – 978-0-12-470100-7 Dubey R.C., Maheshwari D.K.,(2012), Microbial metabolism; In ", A text book of microbiology”, 12 th ed., S.chand & company, New Delhi , pp 342-365 Hogg S.,(2013),Microbial nutrition and Cultivation ;In, "Essential Microbiology”, 2 nd ed , John Wiley&Sons Inc, Hoboken USA, pp.79-89

29. Pommerville J.C.,(2011), Microbial Growth and Nutrition ;In, "Microbiology”, 8 th ed , Jones and Bartlett Canada, pp. 131-157 Singh R.P.,(2012),Microbial Nutrition; In,” Microbiology”,3 rd ed , Kalyani publication ,New Delhi, pp. 313-325 Willey J.M.,Sherwood L.M., Woolverton C.J.,(2008),Microbial Nutrition,Growth,and Control ; In “ Microbiology” , 7 th ed , The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.New York,USA pp. 101-118 References

30. Web References 18/06/2020https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124701007500029 15-12-2020 14/07/2020https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.14.100160.000313 15-12-2020 04/01/2021https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/geography/cyanobacteria.html 18-12-2020 16/01/2019https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/rhizobium/ 22-12-2020 05/08/2020https://www.southernbiological.com/introduction-to-euglena/ 25-12-2020 24/09/2020https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/8/89/Zdrs0232.jpg 30-12-2020 10/09/2020https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Bruslind)/11%3A_Microbial_Nutrition 01-01-2021 16/12/2020https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/799100/view/chromatium-sp-purple-sulphur-bacterium-sem 04-01-2021 19/12/2020https://www.condalab.com/int/en/blog/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-primarily-responsible-for-cosmetic-removal-n170 05-01-2021

31. 12/07/2019https://www.dreamstime.com/active-passive-transport-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-cell-scheme-vs-comparison-diffusion-fa cilitated-various-image178985005 06-01-2021 14/02/2020https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen 08-01-2021 16/07/2020https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/nutritional-requirements-of-microorganisms/55070 08-01-2021 05/08/2020https://www.southernbiological.com/introduction-to-euglena10-01-2021 19/07/2020https://www.longdom.org/open-access/microbial-nutrition-and-growth.pdf 12-01-2021 14/02/2020https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrition/Inorganic-nutrients 15-01-2021