Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology
History and Contributions- Microbiology
Basic laboratory techniques -introduction
Job related to UG and PG microbiology

1. Dept. of
S.Selvajeyanthi
Asst.Professor

3. MICROBIOLOGY
“QUEEN OF THE SCIENCE”
Without microbes
life
won't be fulfilled

4. What is Microbiology?
•Micro means Small
•Biology is the study of life
•Microbiologyis the study of
microscopic organisms
•Organisms to small to be seen with
the naked eye
•This includes viruses, fungi, algae,
protozoa, Bacteria

5. Disciplines of Microbiology
•Bacteriology:Study of prokaryotes
•Mycology: Study of fungi
•Phycology: Study of algae
•Protozoology:The study of protozoa
•Virology: The study of viruses
•Immunology:The study of the immune
system

6. Importance of Microbes
•The study of microbiology is relevant to our
everyday life in many different ways.
1.Microbes are the oldest forms of life
2.Microbes are ubiquitous (found nearly
everyway)
3.They perform essential reactions in the
environment
4.Microbes can be used to prepare food
5.Production of drug and vaccines
6.They sometimes cause infectious diseases

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

8. Protozoan
Yeast Mold
Archaeon Bacterium
Algae
Virus
Microorganisms

9. Normal Flora of Microbes in our body
Our body is full of bacteria:
2-5 pounds of your body weight
is made up of live bacteria
Importanceofthenormal
Flora
Thenormalfloramay
Antagotonizeotherbacteria
Throughtheproductionof
Substanceswhichkillorinhibit
non-indigenousspecies

10. Pioneers of Microbiology
•Robert Hooke, UK (1665)
•Proposed the Cell Theory
•Observed cork with crude microscope
•All living things are composed of cells
•Spontaneous generation
•Some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter

11. Bluish color mold
growing on the surface of leather discovered by
Robert Hooke

12. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723)
used a primitive microscope to
observe stagnant water, hay
infusions, and scrapings from
the teeth.
Pioneers of Microbiology
Father of ancient microbiology

13. FATHER OF ANCIENT MICROBIOLOGY -
Antony van leeuwenhoek -[1632-1723]

14. Photomicrograph of a human blood smear taken through
va Leeuwenhoek’s microscope

15. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729
–1799)
Conducted experiments
to disprove
abiogenesis.
(life arises naturally from
non-living matter)
History of Microbiology

16. •Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
History of Microbiology
First experimented
with cowpox as a way
to prevent smallpox
cowpox
Small pox
prevent

17. Pioneers in Microbiology
•Joseph Lister(1827–1912)
was the first to recognize
the role of airborne
microorganisms in
postsurgical infections.
Carbolic acid
(Phenol) solution
sprayer
Antiseptic
surgery

18. Robert Koch(1843–1910)
developed a two-part
•Specific germ can cause a specific
disease and introduced scientific
approach in Microbiology
a technique for isolating pure colonies
of bacteria.
Koch postulates-Anthrax Bacillus-
Spleenic Fever in Sheep
Pioneers in Microbiology

19. (1852–1921)
Petri plates,dishes used to isolate bacterial colonies,
were named after him.
discoveredB.anthracis,Mycobacterium
tuberculosis,Vibrio cholera
Modified Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelson acid staining
Con.s….

20. Pioneers of Microbiology
•Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist
•Fermentation (1857)
•Pasteurization: heat liquid enough
to kill spoilage bacteria (1864)
•Vaccine development –rabies
•Proposed the germ theory of disease
•Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent
contamination by unwanted microbes)
•Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris
(1894)
Pasteur Institutewas built in France by the French
government in 1888 to honor Louis Pasteur.

21. GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
[1857-1914]
1857-Pasteur-Fermentation
1861-Pasteur-Disproved Spontaneous generation
1864-Pasteur-Pasteurization
1867-Lister-Aseptic surgery
1876-Koch-Germtheory of Disease
1881-Koch-Pure culture

22. Biohazard

23. Glass Ware

24. Petri Dish
•It was discovered
by
Richard Petri–
student
of Robert Koch
•It is made up of
glass and is used
to grow the
microbial culture.

25. BIOSAFETY CABINET
Laminar air flow chamber

26. Equipments for sterilization
Hot air oven Autoclave
Dry Heat Moist Heat

27. Equipments for Incubation
Bacteriological incubator
Maintains constant temperature 37˚C

28. CultureMedia: Physical State
Liquid media
Semi-solid media
Solid media

29. Liquid Media
Liquid media are
water-based
solutions that are
generally termed
broths, milks and
infusions.

30. Semi-solid Media
Semi-solid media
contain a low
percentage (<1%) of
agar, which can be
used for motility
testing.

31. Solid Media
Solid media contain a high percent (1-5%) of
agar, which enables the formation of
discrete colonies.

32. Selective media
• EMB Agar
(E.coli)
•Mannittol Salt Agar (MSA)
(Staphylococcus aureus)

33. Differential media
(MacConkey agar)
Enriched media
(Blood agar)

34. Five Basic Techniques
•1. Inoculate
•2. Incubate
•3. Isolation
•4. Inspection
•5. Identification

35. Inoculation loop
The loop should be
held comfortably
much as you hold a
pencil

36. Flaming the Loop
Flaming the loop helps to
prevent contamination of the
bacteria.
When flaming the loop,
make sure that all Of the wire
as been heated to redness.

37. Plating Techniques
Spread plate
Pour plate
Streak plate
Simple streak
T-streak
Quadrant streak

38. Serial dilution method
1ml

39. Types of streaking
T streak Zig zag
streak
Four way
streak

40. Types of Streaking

41. Agar slant

42. Agar deep

43. Colony Morphology
Colony
morphology
Color
Shape
Margin
Elevation

44. Colony Morphology

47. Staining Techniques
Staining
Living microorganisms can be directly
examinedwith the light microscope and
stained to increase visibility.
Types of staining
Simple staining
Differential staining
Gram staining
Acid-fast staining

48. Shapes and Arrangements of
Bacteria

49. Rod-Shaped Bacteria

50. Spherical Bacteria

51. Spiral-Shaped Bacteria

52. Bacterial Cell Wall Morphology

53. Gram Positive Cocci Gram negative Rods
Fixation
Crystal
violet
Iodine
Decolourisation
Saffranin

54. Staphylococcus aureus

55. Streptococcus sp.,

56. Gram negative bacilli

57. Biochemical characters
•IMVic test
•Oxidase test
•Catalase test
•Carbohydrate breakdown
•Acid formation from sugars
•Gas formation from glucose
•Reduction of nitrate to nitrite
•Arginin dihydrolase test

59. Biochemical Tests

61. Microbiology is the base
Biotechnology
BiochemistryMolecular Biology
Genetic Engineering Protein Engineering
Microbiolology –
Queen of Science
Health Diagnostic
Pharmaceutical Industry
Fermentation Industry
Food Industry
Chemical Industry
Energy & Environtment
Embryologist

62. Human Use of Microorganisms-food
industry
Humans have been using
microorganisms for
thousands of years
cheese, yogurt, bread,
half-sour pickles
Baker’s and brewer’s yeast,
Alcohol in wine and beer,
Moldy bread on wounds

63. Microbes & Industry
Biotech: Recombinant products (e.g., human
insulin, vaccines)

64. STEM CELL

65. Duringthefermentationprocess,
microbialgrowthandmetabolism
resultintheproductionof:
1.enzymes–capableofbreaking
down carbohydrates,lipidsand
proteins.
2.vitamins
3.antimicrobialcompounds
4.texture-formingagents
5.aminoacids
6.glutamicacid
7.organicacids
8.flavorcompounds
9.Probioticfoods
Commercially important products

66. Transgenic animals -Dolly
The first
cloned animal

68. Transgenic Plants

71. Watermelon grapes Orange kiwi

72. Microbes can be used to clean up oil spills such as this one in Alaska
Courtesy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA
Environment: Bioremediation
Microbes-
A Weapon
to Tackle
Oil Spills

73. Teaching
Ph.D
PDF
SCIENTIST

74. EVERY
MICROBES
HAS INTO
SOMETHING
AMAZING