Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Microbiology for nursing students
Introduction to microbiology
History of microbiology

1. Microbiology An introduction to microbiology designed for allied health majors By BugLady

2. How to Ace this Class Book and slides are no substitute for active engagement Participate : post questions and ask for help Don’t wait to ask Take notes aka active learning Jul-14 2

3. Writing Essays Take brief notes as you go Record all references C reate an outline Rewrite information in your own words Use peer-review or credible sources PMC : full length, peer-reviewed articles HON : Health on the Net; look for badge on the website Jul-14 3

4. Introduction to Microbiology Overview of course What is microbiology? History of microbiology Jul-14 4

5. Course Overview Biochemistry and Microscopy Biology of microorganisms Metabolism Growth and Ecology Containment of Microorganisms Genetics and Bioengineering Mutations and Bacterial Recombination Viruses Jul-14 5

6. Course Overview Antibiotics Innate Immune System Adaptive Immune System Host Microbe Interactions Disorders of the Immune System Epidemiology Classification Jul-14 6

7. Microbiology Microbiology is the study of all the organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye (<0.1mm) Jul-14 7

8. Size of Particles and Microorganisms Jul-14 8 Limit of light microscope

9. Why Study Microbiology? Impact on human life Decomposers Microbes are ubiquitous: soil, water, ice cap, hot vents, body Extremely adaptable Simple models to study biological processes Jul-14 9

10. Positive Impact on Human Life Jul-14 10 Microbiome Decomposers Food source Ecological balance Antibiotics and other chemicals Biodegradation Bioengineering Bioremediation

11. Negative Impact on Human Life Jul-14 11 Pathogens (disease causing agents) Food spoilage Corrosion Bad smells

12. Scientific Names Escherichia coli Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon. Staphylococcus aureus Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies. After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are found in the human body: S aureus on skin and E coli in the large intestine. Jul-14 12

13. Use of Latin One bacterium – many bacteria One medium – several media One bacillus – many bacilli One staphylococcus – many staphylococci Jul-14 13

14. Two Empires and Three Domains Jul-14 14 Pathogens are disease causing agents or organisms

15. Prions Prions Pr oteinaceous in fectious particles Diseases linked to the presence of prions are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. mad cow disease). Misfolded proteins Slow infection (20-30 years) No cure Jul-14 15

16. Viruses Not cells Will not propagate on their own No metabolism Contain genetic/protein material Phages, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, causative agents of common cold, flu, polio, chicken pox Viruses infect organisms from the 3 domains of life Jul-14 16 National Institute of General Medical Sciences

17. Three Domains Jul-14 17 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/historyoflife.php

18. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryote = no nucleus Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes Eukaryote = true nucleus Protists , plants, fungi, and animals are eukaryotes Jul-14 18

19. Archaea are Prokaryotes No true nucleus, no organelles, 1-5µ length Classified as Bacteria until 1979 Molecular structures closer to Eukaryotes Eukaryotes and Bacteria diverged from Archaea Oldest known organisms on Earth. Fossil records show over 3.6 BILLION years ago No known pathogens Jul-14 19

20. Extremophiles Jul-14 20 Hydrothermal vent Courtesy: NASA Dead Sea Courtesy: EXACT-ME Geyser Courtesy : Volcano Hazards Team/USGS Polar ice Courtesy: NOAA

21. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms that lack a true nucleus. Less than 10% of bacteria cause diseases Jul-14 21 Staphylococcus epidermidis Neisseria sicca

22. Bacteria or Eubacteria Bacteria grow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions. Bacteria have a wide range of environmental and nutritive requirements. Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem. Jul-14 22

23. Bacteria Jul-14 23 Bacilli Escherichia coli Courtesy: Public Health Library Courtesy: Environmental Protection Agency

24. Eukarya The word 'eukaryote' means 'true nucleus’ Eukaryotes contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Nucleus : genetic material Organelles: specific function subcellular structures bound by membranes Jul-14 24

25. Protists Unicellular or poorly differentiated organisms Plankton, flagellates, protozoa, algae…are all protists . Important infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protists : malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery Red tide causes poisoning Jul-14 25 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Courtesy of CDC Cyclospora cayetanensis Courtesy of CDC

26. Fungi Use organic materials for energy Both multicellular (molds and mushrooms) and unicellular - single cell- (yeasts) organisms Source of antibiotics, food, bread and alcohol Mycosis are fungal infections Pneumocystis (pneumonia in HIV patients), tinea (athlete’s foot), thrush Jul-14 26 Courtesy: CDC

27. Helminthes Helminthes are parasitic worms Tape worms, flukes, pinworms Jul-14 27 Courtesy of the Public Health Library

28. Review http:// www.quia.com/rr/240939.html Jul-14 28

29. History of Microbiology The Golden Ages 1850s: Gram, Pasteur, Koch… 1940-1950s: antibiotics Now: Microbiome , metagenomics , probiotics, asthma, MS, RA

30. History of Microbiology I The Golden Age (mid-19 th century) Jul-14 30 Scientific Discovery Technical Progress Cell theory – Schwann, Virchow 1858 Growth media – Koch’s Lab 1880s Disproving s pontaneous generation – Pasteur 1865 Staining protocols – Gram 1884 Postulate rules – Koch 1890 Disinfection - Semmelweis 1847 Lister 1867 Development of vaccines- Jenner 1796 Sterilization procedures – 1879 Tyndall, Pasteur’s Lab

31. The First Observations Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723) Described live microorganisms in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. Jul-14 31 Figure 1.2b

32. Vaccination 1796: Edward Jenner and cowpox Called vaccination from vacca for cow The protection is called acquired immunity Jul-14 32

33. The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation: Living organisms arise from nonliving matter. Biogenesis Living organisms arise from preexisting life. Jul-14 33 Louis Pasteur

34. Louis Pasteur Pasteur developed swan necked flask to show that air is filled with microbes Was able to demonstrate infusions remained sterile even if flask was left open Jul-14 34 Original sketches of Pasteur (1861)

35. The Germ Theory of Disease Pasteur’s work showed microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases Joseph Lister (1860s) used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections. Robert Koch (1876) provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax Jul-14 35

36. Koch’s Postulates The agent must be present in every case of infection and absent from healthy individuals The agent can be isolated from infected organism and grown in a pure culture The disease can be reproduced by inoculating a healthy organism with a pure culture The agent can be isolated from the newly infected organism Jul-14 36

37. Jul-14 37 Courtesy: CDC Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2 nd Edition , 1999

38. History of Microbiology II Antibiotics 1940-current Biotechnology 1978-current Genetics 1920-current Human Microbiome Project Jul-14 38

39. Gentlemen, microbes will have the last word! “…It is time to close the book on infectious diseases…” William Stewart, US Surgeon General in a message to Congress 1969 Antibiotics resistance The big 3: TB, HIV, malaria Microbiome , obesity, allergies New threats: Health Acquired Infection (HAI), MERS, H7N9, Ebola virus Ecological balance Bioremediation Jul-14 39