Microprocessor based sys presntation.ppt

an introduction to microprocessor systems components and an overview of the intel 8058 microprocessor

1. Microprocessor Systems
Lecture 01
Microprocessor-Based
Systems

2. Our course name is microprocessor systems or
microprocessor-based systems.
Well…
What is a microprocessor-based system?
What is a microprocessor-based system?

3. •It is a system in which a microprocessor
plays an important role.
A more detailed answer:
•It is an electronic system consisting of
microprocessor, memory, and input/output
units. It is a computer.
The simple answer:
What is a microprocessor-based system?

4. informal definition
•It is a big ugly machine that receives patterns of
1s and 0s and reacts by spitting back 1s and 0s
very fast (millions of them per second)
Then, What is a microprocessor or a CPU?

5. A more formal definition
•It is the circuit (group of circuits) that processes
data (0s, 1s) and provides processed data (0s, 1s)
and control and timing signals (0s, 1s) for other
system components (memory, I/O) according to
a series of instructions (0s, 1s) stored in
memory.
Then, What is a microprocessor or a CPU?

6. Hence, a microprocessor:
•Acts as the brain of the computer.
•Controls the operation of the computer.
•Interacts with other computer components.
(memory, I/O).
Microprocessor Functions

7. Are microprocessor and CPU the same?
•Functionally, they are the same.
•Technologically, the microprocessor is a CPU
fabricated on a single integrated circuit.
•Some times, more than one microprocessor
combine to make a single CPU.
•We will use the terms: CPU, microprocessor,
processor interchangeably.
Microprocessor and CPU

8. Microprocessor System Components and
Interconnections

9. Microprocessor System Components and
Interconnections

10. Three major components of computer system:
•CPU
•Memory
•I/O
Interconnection is made through three types of buses:
•Address bus
•Data bus
•Control bus
Microprocessor System Components and
Interconnections

11. Operation of the CPU:
•Fetches the instruction from memory.
•Decodes the instruction into a series of
simple actions.
•Executes the instruction by carrying out
these actions in a sequential manner.
•Continues doing that forever!!! (as long as it
is powered)
Firstly: The Microprocessor

12. Inside the CPU:
•Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
Performs simple arithmetic and logic operations on binary data
•Control and Timing Unit.
Interprets and sequences instructions and generates the bus
controls signals.
•Registers.
Hold data and addresses while executing programs.
The Microprocessor (continues)

13. Memory has two purposes:
•To store the binary codes for the sequences of the
instructions that the computer is to execute.
•To store the binary-coded data with which the
computer is going to work with.
Types:
•Usually it consists of a mixture of RAM and ROM
which we call primary memory or main memory.
•Secondary memory, or secondary storage devices
like disks and flashes are not from the basic parts.
Secondly: The Memory

14. Input/output ports:
•Allow computer to take data fromand tothe
outside world.
•Peripherals or I/O devices such as keyboards,
video display terminals, printers, and modems are
connected to the I/O ports.
•The simplest type of an input port is a tri-state
gates, and of an output port is a D flip-flops
Thirdly: Input/Output

15. Address Bus:
•Unidirectional parallel signal lines connecting
CPU and memory and I/O ports. (A0, A1, A3,…)
•On these lines, the CPU sends out the address of
the memory location or the port that is to be
written to or read from.
•A CPU with n address lines can address 2
n
memory locations. For example, a CPU with 16
address lines can address 2
16
or 65,536 (64K)
memory locations.
The Buses (continues)

16. Data Bus:
•Bidirectional parallel signal lines (D0, D1, D2,...)
•Many devices can be connected to send out data
on the data bus, but only one at a time can have its
output enabled.
•Any device -that may send out data on the data
bus-must have three-state outputs, so it can be
disabled if not being used.
The Buses (continues)

17. Control Bus:
•Various signal lines that takes control signals from
and to the CPU.
•CPU sends out signals to enables/disable memory
devices or ports and specify function such as read
or write. Typical output control signals: memory
read, memory write, I/O read, I/O write.
•CPU needs to receive status signals from other
neighboring devices in order to make some
actions. A typical input control signals: HOLD,
TRAP.
The Buses (continues)

18. To read a byte of data from memory location,
for example, it consists of the following
activities:
•CPU sends out the memory address of the desired byte on
the address bus.
•CPU sends out a memory read signal on the control bus.
•The memory read signal enables the addressed memory
device to output a data word onto the data bus.
•The data word from the memory travels along the data
bus to the CPU.
The Buses (continues)

19. The microprocessor applications are classified
primarily in two categories:
•Reprogrammable systems
•Embedded systems
Microprocessor Applications

20. •In reprogrammable systems, such as
microcomputers, the microprocessor is used for
computing and data processing.
•These systems include general-purpose
microprocessors capable of handling large data,
with mass storage devices (such as disks and CD-
ROMs), and peripherals such as printers.
•A personal computer (PC) is a typical
illustration.
Microprocessor Applications

21. •In embedded systems, the microprocessor is a part
of a final product and is not available for
reprogramming to the end user.
•Example:
–copying machine
–washing machine.
–Air conditioner
–Etc.
Microprocessor Applications

22. •A microcontroller is a simple computer (CPU,
memory, I/O, other devices such as ADC, timers)
implemented in a single integrated chip.
•In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have
low performance.
•Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial
control, automobile and home applications.
Microcontrollers in Embedded Systems

23. •ASIC stands for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit.
•Microprocessors are embedded into ASIC chips to
implement complex functions.
•In general, it requires that the microprocessors have low
power consumptionand take small silicon area.
•For example, a chip designed solely to run a cell phone is
an ASIC
ASICs in Embedded Systems

24. Any typical microprocessor is capable of performing
the following operations:
•Store data (Registers)
•Perform arithmetic and logic operations (ALU)
•Test for conditions (IF / THEN)
•Sequence the execution of instructions
•Store temporary data in RAM during execution
What does microprocessor do?