MIGRATION & CULTURE social studies ppt 2024

Push Factors which Contribute to the Mass Migration of Teachers from Jamaica
Negative and Positive Impacts of Emigration on Jamaica’s Economy
Strategies that the Government of Jamaica should Implement to Retain the Island’s Teachers
Contributions made by the indigenous people to cultural development in the Caribbean
Impacts that the coming of the Europeans had on the Indigenous People in the Caribbean
Cultural Elements (similarities and differences) of the Tainos and Kalinagos through their: ��1. Religious Practices �2. Social / Political Structure �3. Economic Practices and Patterns �4. Artforms Science and Technology

1. MIGRATION & CULTURE Presenters: Danielle Fletcher, Apryl Taylor, Patricia Brown-Gabbidon Weston Dallas, Ann-Marie Scarlet-Blake Course: Social Studies 1 Lecturer: Zachen Campbell Date: April 9, 2024.

2. O bjectives At the end of this presentation, viewers should be able to identify and discuss: Push Factors which Contribute to the Mass Migration of Teachers from Jamaica Negative and Positive Impacts of Emigration on Jamaica’s Economy Strategies that the Government of Jamaica should Implement to Retain the Island’s Teachers Contributions made by the indigenous people to cultural development in the Caribbean Impacts that the coming of the Europeans had on the Indigenous People in the Caribbean Cultural Elements (similarities and differences) of the Tainos and Kalinagos through their: 1. Religious Practices 2. Social / Political Structure 3. Economic Practices and Patterns 4. Artforms Science and Technology

3. INTRODUCTION Every sector requires a healthy attrition rate to carry out its regular and vital processes; this in turn allows optimal performance. The education sector is not exempted from this. However, the migration of teachers has posed various challenges to the education system. The causes and effects are outlined below and shows that the country’s education system is in a vulnerable position and may be further compromised if this issue is not addressed effectively. There is also an approach that can be tabled and a framework that has the potential to secure a better future for our education system, one in which schools are adequately resourced, and teachers suitably valued, compensated and respected.

4. Push Factors which Contribute to the Mass Migration of Teachers from Jamaica 01.

5. Three Push F actors which Contribute to M ass M igration Unattractive Remuneration Packages Lack of Resources Lack of Job Security Some teachers are unable to provide for their needs sufficiently and live comfortably. There are limited career advancement opportunities for teachers given the low salaries. Less than satisfactory working conditions negatively impacting teaching abilities while also affects students’ learning. Education system is often affected by budget cuts and changes in government policies leading to a lack of job security.

6. Negative and Positive Impacts of Emigration on Jamaica’s Economy 02.

7. Two Negative Impacts of Emigration on Jamaica’s Economy BRAIN DRAIN LOSS OF SKILL LABOR Results in a shortage of teachers, especially in the rural and underprivileged areas. Negatively impact the quality of education in the country. The country makes deliberate attempts to invest in its human capital resource however, when teachers migrate, the country receives little or no return on these investments. Already developed countries benefits from these investments.

8. Emigration brings in remittances, which are the money sent back to Jamaica by Jamaicans living abroad. These remittances can contribute to the country's economy by providing a source of income for families and boosting consumer spending. This helps to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living for many Jamaicans. A Positive Impact of Emigration on Jamaica’s Economy REMITTANCE

9. Strategies that the Government of Jamaica should Implement to Retain the Island’s Teachers 03.

10. Two Strategies that the Government of Jamaica should Implement to Retain the Island’s Teachers A teachers mental wellness is the basis for the quality education and support they provide to their students. Teachers are no good if they are emotionally depleted, so the government needs to establish and stick to boundaries that will make the teaching learning experience less stressing for teachers. Prioritize and Protect Teachers Mental Health Create a Support System for Teachers The government of Jamaica should at the beginning of every school year start off by establishing a support group/system for teachers. This will entail sessions for teachers to detox, unwind and socialize. When teachers feel safe and comfortable, fewer crises will develop. Mindfulness, meditation, breathing exercises, and grounding exercises are all great ways to incorporate introspection.

11. Contributions made by the indigenous people to cultural development in the Caribbean 04.

12. INTRODUCTION The Taíno were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico. In the Greater Antilles, the northern Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas, they were known as the Lucayans and spoke the Taíno language, a derivative of the Arawakan languages.

13. Four contributions made by the indigenous people A gricultural Techniques Food and Cuisine Langu age Craftsmanship

14. C ontributions made by the Indigenous People AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES FOOD & CUISINE Cultivated crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes, maize, and various types of beans Introduced many fruits to the Caribbean, including pineapples, papayas, guavas, and avocados. Practiced fishing and hunting. Developed conucos farming Introduced a wide variety of crops such as cassava Practiced Agroforestry and irrigation systems Practiced polyculture

15. C ontributions made by the Indigenous People Cont’d LANGUAGE Influenced the names of places throughout the Caribbean "Jamaica" itself is believed to be derived from the Taíno word " Xaymaca " Taíno language has bequeathed a number of words to English such as hurricane and canoe Influenced the lexicon of Caribbean Creole languages CRAFTSMANSHIP Excelled in various forms of craftsmanship, including pottery, weaving, and woodworking Created intricate ceramic vessels for cooking, storing food, and ceremonial purposes W ove baskets, mats, and hammocks Crafted wooden tools, musical instruments like maracas

16. Impacts that the coming of the Europeans had on the Indigenous People in the Caribbean 05.

17. Impacts made by the Europeans on the Indeginous People DISEASE AND POPULATION DECLINE One of the most devastating impacts was the introduction of new diseases by the Europeans, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to which the indigenous populations had no immunity. This led to widespread epidemics and a sharp decline in the indigenous population. Europeans subjected indigenous people to forced labour , often in brutal conditions. Many were enslaved and forced to work in mines, plantations, or as domestic servants. This exploitation further reduced the indigenous population and disrupted their traditional way of life. FORCED LABOUR AND ENSLAVEMENT

18. Impacts made by the Europeans on the Indeginous People The arrival of Europeans brought about cultural displacement and assimilation. Indigenous languages, traditions, and belief systems were suppressed or replaced by European customs and religions. This cultural disruption had long-lasting effects on the indigenous communities. CULTURAL DISPLACEMENT AND ASSIMILATION LAND DISPOSITION AND EXPLOITATION European colonizers seized indigenous lands for agriculture, mining, and settlement, leading to the dispossession of the native populations from their ancestral territories. This loss of land and resources had profound socio-economic impacts on the indigenous communities, often pushing them into poverty and marginalization.

19. Cultural Elements (similarities and differences) of the Tainos and Kalinagos through their: 1. Religious Practices 2. Social / Political Structure 3. Economic Practices and Patterns 4. Artforms Science and Technology 06.

20. Both the Taino and Kalinago people were polytheistic and worshipped and believed in many gods and spirits both good and evil. These groups also believed that these gods and spirits controlled everything. Religion

21. POLITICAL STRUCTURE The Taíno leader (Cacique) was chosen by heredity. The Kalinago’s social organization was looser than that of the Taino;While settlements had a leader, his authority was limited. The ubutu (war leader) was always a male whose position was not hereditary. The elders of the villages were well respected. The elders were all ex-warriors. They were the ones who trained the warriors and looked for the qualities in the ubutu since they were experienced. He had to have been a good warrior, proved that he was physically strong, brave and highly skilled in battle. The cacique of a Taino tribe was treated with great respect and his subjects would obey him and the tribes’ laws. The cacique of a Taino village was also a major priest and decision maker

22. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Most researchers indicated that gender roles among the Taíno were relatively non-exclusive, from political leadership and fighting as warriors to food production. The men in the Kalinago tribes were responsible for fishing, hunting, and fighting. The Kalinago lived separated by gender; the men lived together in a large building called a carbet , while the women lived in smaller houses. Young Kalinago men were trained as children to be warriors, and the values of courage and endurance were highly valued. Kalinago women performed the domestic chores, raised the children, collected firewood, bartered produce, wove, made hammocks and cultivated the land. Constructing the conucos (raised mounds for farming) was done by men, and preparing the manioc was done by women, but both genders tilled, planted and harvested the fields. Children helped with clearing the crops of pests, weeding and chasing away birds.

23. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Taino villages were designed to facilitate public functions. Houses were built around a community square They were keen ball players and had ball courts. Kalinago villages did not have main squares or plazas. Kalinago village centres had communal fireplaces. They had no ball courts. Their ceremonies were minor affairs. Their houses were smaller than those of the Tainos .

24. The Kalinagos and Tainos engaged in agriculture, fishing, hunting and trading. They both built their subsistence economy around conuco farming. Both kept a few domestic animals. In both cultures the women were skilled agriculturalists who were largely responsible for overall production levels. Economic Practices

25. The Tainos and Kalinagos both contributed significantly to Caribbean artforms and technology, from the Tainos' ceremonial artifacts to the Kalinagos' canoes, which were engineering marvels of their time, facilitating long-distance travel and trade. Artforms, Science and Technology

26. ART, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The Taínos developed a range of goods that they produced on a small and large scale. The Kalinago technology was similar to the Taino technology. Artisans used home made instruments for their crafts. They also used technology to produce more goods for storage or to trade any extras. They manufactured tobacco, cotton, dyes, poisons and medicines. The women wove nets , hammocks and strainers. The Taínos were known for their skill in creation of baskets, pottery and canoes. Their pottery was not as sophisticated as the Tainos. Kalinago textiles however were more advanced. Their hunting technology was more advanced. They were very skilled with bow and arrow which was not Taino technology. Their canoes had better design and quality. Their war canoes called piraguas could carry over 100 soldiers with great maneuverability

27. n.d. (Ed.). (2022, February 7). Taíno: Indigenous Caribbeans. Black History Month 2024. https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/pre-colonial-history/taino-indigenous-caribbeans/ Beckles, H. M., & Shepherd, V. A. (2004). Liberties lost: The Indigenous Caribbean and slave systems. Cambridge University Press. Caribs. (n.d.). Prejudice's. https://prejudice.tripod.com/caribs.htm Differences between Kalinago and Taino society. (2018, November 27). College Essay Examples and Essay Formats | StudyMode. https://www.studymode.com/essays/Differences-Between-Kalinago-And-Taino-Society-1773821.html Gooden, D. (2014, January 22). Comparison of the maya, Taino and the Kalinago. https://www.slideshare.net/egfred/comparison-of-the-maya-taino-and-the-kalinago REFERENCES

28. Gooden, D. (2018, April 27). Amerindian culture before 1492 001. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/egfred/amerindian-culture-before-1492-001-95276530 The High Commission for The Commonwealth of Dominica in the United Kingdom. (2023, November 11). The Kalinago people. The High Commission for The Commonwealth of Dominica. https://www.dominicahighcommission.co.uk/the-kalinago-people.html Hinds, A. (2023, June 16). Handout_ tainos and Kalinagos updated. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/653334251/Handout-Tainos-and-Kalinagos-Updated Library of Congress. (n.d.). Exploring the Early Americas. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/columbus-and-the-taino Pottinger, S. (2024). Early Peoples of the Virgin Islands. https://www.moon.com/travel/trip-ideas/early-peoples-of-the-virgin-islands REFERENCES

29. Saunders, S. (2014, December 5). Socio-economic structure of the Kalinagos . All about Indigenous People. https://shanakaysaundersedtk.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/socio-economic-structure-of-the-kalinagos/ Saunders, S. (2014, December 5). The socio-economic structure of the tainos . All about Indigenous People. https://shanakaysaundersedtk.wordpress.com/2014/12/05/the-socio-economic-structure-of-the-tainos/ Taino: Indigenous caribbeans . (2022, February 7). Black History Month 2023. https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/pre-colonial-history/taino-indigenous-caribbeans/ University of Florida. (2018, December 7). Taino society. Historical Archaeology. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/haiti/en-bas-saline/taino-society/ Who are the Carib people? · The Kalinago (Carib) people. (n.d.). Carib Genocide in Dominica. https://massacre.omeka.net/exhibits/show/the-kalinago--carib--people/the-kalinagos » Kalinago history. (n.d.). https://kalinagobeachresort.com/kalinago-history/ REFERENCES

30. https://kalinagoblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/23/kalinago/ https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsweekly.com%2Fstories%2F223030-taino-indian-artifacts&psig=AOvVaw2jHsnzpqxkTFSNvioyaoQn&ust=1712447485516000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCODE-ZGirIUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE https://donmitchellcbeqc.blogspot.com/2019/08/2-amerindians.html https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en/noartistknown/taino-inhabitant-of-the-hispaniola-mountains-haiti-and-dominican-republic-as-described-by-the-first/engraving/asset/4853761 https://www.themilitaryworkshop.com/Team-Miniatures-CLB20-Taino-Hut https://sacredpathfinder.com/taino-sun-symbol-meaning/ https://www.deviantart.com/syalice/art/Kalinagos-396317818 https://antiguabarbuda.commffest.com/node/67 https://fineartamerica.com/featured/dominica-kalinago-barana-aute-carib-walter-bibikow.html?product=wood-print https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago https://www.kirandellimore.com/the-life-and-times-of-thomas-indian-warner/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/173247916903836075/ https://www.facebook.com/TheTainoTruthScatteredSeedOfJoseph/ https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/the-tainos-part-i-before-the-european-came-a-life-of-idyll/ https://dkiehlcolecash.medium.com/a-brief-history-of-the-caribbean-77e371a0bead IMAGE REFERENCES

31. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/haiti/en-bas-saline/taino-culture/ https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/640777853233416012/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/458663543281268197/ https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g147281-d147741-i233885820-The_Carib_Territory-Dominica.html https://www.sciencephoto.com/keyword/taino https://www.facebook.com/121719994574066/photos/a.121749974571068/1092036870875702/?type=3 https://repeatingislands.com/2022/02/06/funded-phd-in-caribbean-archaeology-leicester-university/ https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/taino/pottery.htm https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/223030-taino-indian-artifacts https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/haiti/en-bas-saline/taino-society/ IMAGE REFERENCES