MINERAL METABOLISM II and regulations (1)-1.pptx

You can use the following tags to organize and categorize topics related to mineral metabolism:

*Regulation*

- Hormonal regulation
- Enzyme regulation
- Kidney function
- Feedback mechanisms

*Minerals*

- Calcium metabolism
- Phosphorus metabolism
- Magnesium metabolism
- Potassium metabolism
- Sodium metabolism
- Iron metabolism
- Zinc metabolism
- Copper metabolism
- Manganese metabolism
- Selenium metabolism

*Processes*

- Absorption
- Transport
- Storage
- Excretion
- Bone mineralization
- Cell signaling

*Disorders*

- Hypocalcemia (low calcium)
- Hypercalcemia (high calcium)
- Hypophosphatemia (low phosphorus)
- Hyperphosphatemia (high phosphorus)
- Mineral deficiencies (e.g., iron deficiency anemia)
- Mineral excesses (e.g., hypernatremia)

*Factors influencing mineral metabolism*

- Diet
- Gut health
- Hormonal changes
- Kidney function
- Age
- Genetics
- Environmental factors (e.g., altitude, stress)

These tags can help you navigate and connect related topics in mineral metabolism, making it easier to understand and analyze the complex processes involved.

1. MINERAL METABOLISM

2. Iron Blood and muscle

3. IRON The total content in an adult body - 3-5 g About 70% - erythrocytes of blood as a constituent of hemoglobin 5%- myoglobin of muscle Heme - most predominant iron-containing substance constituent of several proteins/enzymes ( hemoproteins )- hemoglobin, myoglobin , cytochromes , xanthine oxidase , catalase , tryptophan pyrrolase , peroxidase Certain other proteins contain non- heme iron - transferrin , ferritin , hemosiderin

4. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS 1 . Hemoglobin, myoglobin - required for the transport of 0 2 and CO 2 2. Cytochromes and certain non- heme proteins are necessary for electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation 3. Peroxidase (the lysosomal enzyme)- phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by neutrophils 4. Associated with effective immunocompetence

5. Dietary requirements Total body iron content- 3-5 g 75% in blood – 75% in hemoglobin (14.5 g/100ml) Adult man – 10-20 mg/day Menstruating woman - 18 mg/day Pregnant and lactating woman - 4O mg day Daily child requirement- 20-30mg Last trimester of pregnancy- transfer of ca , Fe from mother to fetus Infant first 3 months- iron reserves received from mother

6. Sources Rich sources- Organ meats (liver, heart, kidney) Good sources - Leafy vegetables, pulses, cereals, fish, apples, dried fruits, molasses Poor sources- Milk, wheat , polished rice

7. Food Sources Liver Red Meat Green Vegetables Beans

8. ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE Mainly absorbed in duodenum In the foods- ferric form (Fe 3+ )bound to proteins or organic acids Gastric acid medium- Fe 3+ released from foods Reducing substances such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and cysteine convert ferric iron (Fe 3+ )to ferrous form (Fe 2+ ) ferrous form is soluble and readily absorbed

9. Iron Absorption Ferrous iron binds to mucosal cell protein- Divalent Metal Transporter-1( DMT-1) Bound iron transported into mucosal cell

10. Factors affecting Fe absorption 1. Acidity, ascorbic acid, cysteine - ↑ iron absorption 2. In iron deficiency anemia, Fe absorption ↑ 2-10X of normal 3. Phytic acid (found in cereals) and oxalic acid (found in leafy vegetables) interfere with Fe absorption

11. Factors affecting Fe absorption 4. A diet with high phosphate content ↓ Fe absorption while low phosphate ↑ 5. In patients with partial or total surgical removal of stomach and/or intestine, iron absorption is severely impaired

12. lron in the mucosal cells The iron (Fe 2+ ) entering the mucosal cells by absorption oxidized to ferric form (Fe 3+ ) by enzyme ferroxidase Fe 3+ combines with apoferritin → ferritin which is the temporary storage form of iron Iron in ferritin released- crosses as ferrous form From the mucosal cells iron → blood stream (which mainly depends on the body needs) or lost when the cells are desquamated

13. Transport of Fe in the plasma The iron liberated from the ferritin of mucosal cells enters the plasma in ferrous state Oxidized to ferric form by a copper-containing protein, ceruloplasmin which possesses ferroxidase activity

14. Transport of Fe in the plasma Ferric iron then binds with a specific iron binding protein, namely transferrin or siderophilin Each transferrin molecule can bind with two atoms of ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) The plasma transferrin (concentration 250 mg/dl) can bind with 4O0 mg of iron/dl plasma. This is known as total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of plasma

15. Storage of iron Stored in liver, spleen and bone marrow in the form of ferritin ln the mucosal cells, ferritin is the temporary storage form of iron Hemosiderin is another iron storage protein Hemosiderin accumulates in the body (spleen, liver) when the supply of iron is in excess of body demands

16. lron metabolism unique as it is very efficiently utilized and reutilized by the body not excreted into urine lron entry into the body is controlled at the absorption level, depending on the body needs

17. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA Most prevalent nutritional disorder world over Inadequate intake or defective absorption of iron Chronic blood loss Repeated pregnancies and hookworm infections Microcytic hypochromic anemia with reduced blood hemoglobin levels Manifestations include apathy( dull and inactive), sluggish metabolic activities, retarded growth and loss of appetite

18. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA LAB FINDINGS Serum iron level ↓ TIBC ↑ Soluble Transferrin Receptor Level ↑

19. Diagnosis of iron deficiency hematology ( microcytic hypochromic cells) low serum iron low serum ferritin ( indicates low body stores) low hemosiderin high total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

20. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA Treatment Iron tablets with vitamin C Blood transfusion IV or IM iron in pregnant women Oral iron 3-5 mg Fe/kg/day Treat underlying cause Dietary education

21. IRON ELIMINATION there is no mechanism for excretion of iron iron is normally lost by exfoliation of intestinal mucosal cells into the stools trace amounts are lost in bile, urine and sweat (no more than 1 mg per day) bleeding (vaginal, intestinal) is a more serious mechanism of elimination

22. Hemosiderosis Excessive iron in the body It is commonly observed in subjects receiving repeated blood transfusions over the years Excessive iron is deposited as ferritin and hemosiderin Hemosiderin pigments seen in liver, spleen Prussian blue reaction is positive

23. Hemochromatosis Rare disease iron is directly deposited in the tissues (liver, spleen,pancreas,skin) Sometimes accompanied by hemochromatosis Bronze-pigmentation of the skin, cirrhosis of liver, pancreatic fibrosis Hemochromatosis causes a condition known as bronze diabetes: cirrhosis, hemochromatosis , diabetes

24. Hemochromatosis

25. Magnesium Bones Muscle Contraction Enzyme Cell Growth

26. Food Sources Milk Cereal Cheese

27. Food Sources Vegetables Nuts

28. MAGNESIUM The adult body contains about 20 g 70% found in bones in combination with calcium and phosphorus 30% in the soft tissues and body fluids Required for the formation of bones and teeth Cofactor for several enzymes requiring ATP e.g. hexokinase , glucokinase , phosphofructokinase , adenylate Cyclase Necessary for proper neuromuscular function Low levels lead to neuromuscular irritability

29. MAGNESIUM Adult man 350 mg/day Adult woman - 300 mg/day Magnesium deficiency causes neuromuscular irritation, weakness and convulsions Malnutrition, alcoholism and cirrhosis of Iiver may lead to Mg deficiency Low levels of Mg may be observed in uremia, rickets, vomiting,

30. Phosphorus P Bones Teeth Cell Membrane

31. Food sources Protein rich Foods

32. Phosphorus Intracellular anion Essential for the development of bones and teeth Formation and utilization of high-energy phosphate compounds e.g. ATP, GTP, creatine phosphate Formation of phospholipids, phosphoproteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Essential component of several nucleotide coenzymes e.g. NAD + , NADP + , pyridoxal phosphate, ADP, AMP Several proteins and enzymes activated by phosphorylation Phosphate buffer system is important for the maintenance of pH in the blood as well as in the cells