Minerals and Energy Resources Class X

Minerals and Energy Resource

1. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES - SANJITA B.A.- B.Ed ICG/2016/21909 SEMESTER - V THE IIS UNIVERSITY

2. Naturally occurring substances having a definite chemical composition and physical characteristics. Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure . Occurs in the form of ores, deposits, rocks. Rocks are made up of minerals. Example- Iron, Bauxite,Calcium,Copper etc, . What are Minerals?

3. CLASSIFICATION Of MINERALS MINERALS NON-METALLIC Examples-Mica, Salt, Graphite etc . ENERGY MINERALS Examples- Coal, Petroleum etc . METALLIC FERROUS Example- Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt etc. NON-FERROUS Examples-Bauxite, Copper, Lead etc

4. Where are the minerals found ? Minerals are usually found in ores and therefore are extracted from it. Ore refers to an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements They occur in rocks. MODE OF OCCURENCE

5. Minerals occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins Lodes are the larger occurrences. Metallic minerals such as tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

6. Minerals occur in beds and layers. Formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Example– Gypsum, potash salt and Sodium Salt. Formed as a result of evaporation SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

7. Upper part of the rocks are removed due to decomposition and weathering. Removal of soluble constituents of rocks leaves residue of weathered materials containing ores. Example- Bauxite DECOMPOSITION OF SURFACE ROCKS

8. In sands of valley floors and base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ contains minerals, which are not corroded by water. Examples-Gold, silver, tin and platinum OCEAN Dissolved and defused in ocean water Examples- Common Salt, Magnesium , Bromine. Found in ocean beds- Manganese ore ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS

9. FERROUS MINERALS These minerals have iron content Used in metallurgical industry Account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. DISRIBUTION OF MINERALS

10. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite finest iron ore very high iron content (70%) High magnetic qualities valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore Most important iron ore in terms of the quantity used Lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60%). Iron ore

11. Production Of Iron Ore Showing State wise Share In Per Cent, 2009-10

12. Odisha-Jharkhand belt : Odisha -high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar. mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. Jharkhand- Hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi in Singbhum district. • Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematite are found in the Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port . IRON ORE BELTS IN INDIA

13. Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. Kudremukh deposits are one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru. Maharashtra-Goa belt Includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

14. MANGANESE Used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel Odisha is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted for one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-01.

15. Production of Manganese showing statewise share in per cent, 2009-2010

16. Include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold Vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. COPPER Malleable, ductile and a good conductor Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. Producers- Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh), Khetri mines (Rajasthan) & Singhbhum district (Jharkhand ) NON- FERROUS MINERALS

17. Production of Copper showing state-wise share in per cent, 2009-10

18. BAUXITE Aluminium is obtained from Bauxite Formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium -light in weight and has good conductivity & great malleability. Used in automobile, aerospace & packaging industries. Producers - Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni , Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput (Odisha).

19. Mica It is mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. clear, black, green, red yellow or brown in color. They are ductile, has insulating properties, resistance to high voltage. Used in electric and electronic industries. Producers – Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau, Ajmer(Rajasthan), Nellore mica belt (Andhra Pradesh). Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt (Jharkhand ) is the leading producer),. NON- METALLIC MINERALS

20. Limestone Occurs in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. found in sedimentary rocks Uses- Basic raw material for the cement industry Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace ROCK MINERALS

21. Production of Limestone showing state-wise share in per cent, 2009-10

22. What are the harmful effects of mining ? Pollution- dumping of wastes leads to soil pollution - Dust & noise produced during the process of extraction causes air pollution and noise pollution respectively. Pulmonary diseases- caused by inhaling the fumes and dust. Displacement of people Deforestation Loss of habitat Risk of collapsing the mine roof Threats of fires in coal mine Mining- A killer Industry

23. Why? Finite & limited Slow geological process of formation Non- renewable Quality of minerals degrade & decrease along greater depth Extraction of high grade minerals leads to their depletion CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

24. Sustainable development Judicious use & extraction Recycling of minerals Using substitutes of minerals Efficient & improved technology that cause less waste and incur low cost. How Can We Conserve Minerals

25. Energy - generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Classified as - a)Conventional – Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas etc,. b)Nonconventional sources- Wind energy, Tidal energy, Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Atomic, Biogas etc,. ENERGY RESOURCES

26. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

27. COAL bulky material loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.. heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements TYPES- LIGNITE: Low grade brown coal, Soft with high moisture content. Coal reserves in Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) ) used for generation of electricity.

28. BITUMINOUS COAL buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which is used for smelting iron in blast furnaces. ANTHRACITE Highest quality hard coal. PEAT Formed due to decaying of plants in swamps low carbon, high moisture contents & low heating capacity

29. Regions The major resources of Gondwana coal, (metallurgical coal), are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals (55 million old) occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

30. Provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries. found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil. Producers- Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam - Digboi,Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan Mumbai High produces 63% of petroleum in India . PETROLEUM

31. Clean energy resource, environment friendly fuel Low carbon dioxide emissions. Used as CNG in vehicles. Used as a source of energy as well as raw material in the petrochemical industry. Producers – Krishna-Godavari basin. Mumbai High Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar islands Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur is the longest (1700km) pipeline that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in UP. NATURAL GAS

32. Hydro electricity Generated through fast flowing water. Multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. produce hydroelectric power. Thermal electricity Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India . ELECTRICITY

33. NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

34. NUCLEAR OR ATOMIC ENERGY obtained by altering the structure of atoms. used to generate electric power. Uranium and Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand, Rajasthan & Monazite sands of Kerala are used for generating nuclear power . SOLAR ENERGY Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy. Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.

35. WIND ENERGY Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy. BIOGAS Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has high thermal efficiency Improves the quality of manure and prevents the loss of trees & manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

36. TIDAL ENERGY Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to generate electricity. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh by the National Hydropower Corporation. GEO THERMAL ENERGY The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior is called Geo Thermal Energy. The steam rising from earth’s surface due to the heating is used to generate electricity. One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh .

37. How? Judicious use & sustainable development Using non-conventional sources of energy. Use of renewable sources of energy CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

38. THANK YOU