minerals-pptfor grade 12 and 10 2024.pptx

Science environmental

1. MINERALS

2. Minerals – are naturally occuring , inorganic and homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are building blocks of rocks. What is Mineral?

3. Mineralogist – a person who studies minerals Mineralogy – the study of all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition and internal structure.

4. Characteristics of Mineral s Naturally occurring – a product of earth’s natural processes. Inorganic – the object is not alive, and was not a part of anything that was alive. Homogeneous solid – physically and chemically uniform down to the atomic level. Definite chemical composition – represented by a chemical formula. Orderly crystalline structure – atoms are arranged in an oderly and repeating pattern.

5. Properties of Minerals Color - the color of the mineral Streak – color of mineral in powdered form TALC Hardness – resistance to scratch

6. cont . Properties of Minerals 4. Cleavage - lines of weakness in the structure of minerals. 5. Crystalline structure - a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal of minerals Arrangement of atoms in a particular way which is periodically repeated in 3D on a lattice. 6. Diaphaneity/amount of transparency - ability to allow light to pass through it.

7. cont . Properties of Minerals 4. Luster – how light is reflected off a surface. 5. Tenacity- describes the minerals reaction to stress.

8. 6. BRITTLENESS – Property of minerals that when hammered, resulted to powdered form or small crumbs. 7. MALLEABILITY – When minerals can be turned to sheets. 8. DUCTILITY – When minerals can be stretched into wire.

9. 9. FLEXIBLE BUT INELASTIC – When minerals are bent but remained in the new position or appearance. 10. FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC – When bent they return to their original position. 11. SECTILITY – ability to be sliced by a knife.

10. Mineral Groups A more stable and less ambiguous basis for classification of minerals is by chemical composition :

11. Silicates – minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen. When linked together, these two elements from the silicon oxygen tetrahedron – the fundamental building block of silicate minerals .

12. Oxides - – minerals containing Oxygen anion ( O2) combined with one or more metal ions.

13. Sulfates – minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO4) combined with other ions

14. Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur anion (S2) combined with one or more ions sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead and zinc

15. Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate anion ( CO3) 2 combined with other elements

16. Native Elements – minerals that form as individual elements.

17. Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements .

18. When we apply minerals? Agriculture – as fertilizers, cleaning agents Construction – iron(steel) , bricks , clay Industries – electronics, manufacturing And everyday we use.