Mining and Minerals and Its Impact on Human.pptx

It is about impact of mining and minerals on humans.

1. Mining and Minerals and Its Impact on Human The Role of Mining and Its Consequences Group 6 Disha Arushi Nikki

2. Introduction of Mining Mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth. These resources can include metals like gold, copper, and iron, as well as non-metallic substances like coal, limestone, and gemstones. Mining is typically conducted through various methods, including surface mining (such as open-pit or strip mining) and underground mining, depending on the depth and location of the material being sought. The extracted minerals play a crucial role in supporting industries such as construction, manufacturing, and energy production, making mining a key component of modern economic activities.

3. Types of Mining Surface Mining Surface mining is a method of extracting minerals located close to the Earth's surface. It includes techniques like open-pit, strip mining, and quarrying, and is generally more cost-effective than underground mining. Underground Mining Underground mining is the extraction of minerals or ores located deep beneath the Earth's surface. It involves tunneling or shaft mining to access deposits that are too far underground for surface mining methods.

4. Introduction of Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystalline structure. They form through geological processes and are essential building blocks for rocks and soils. Minerals are vital to human civilization, providing raw materials for construction, manufacturing, technology, and energy production. Common minerals include quartz, feldspar, and mica, while economically important ones like gold, copper, and iron support various industries, from electronics to infrastructure development.

5. Importance of Minerals Minerals are crucial for modern life, providing essential materials for construction, manufacturing, and technology. They are used in everyday items like electronics, vehicles, and buildings. Minerals such as copper, iron, and lithium are vital for energy production and infrastructure. Precious metals like gold and silver are vital in electronics and jewelry. Minerals also contribute to agriculture, healthcare, and renewable energy, supporting the creation of fertilizers, medical equipment, and solar panels.

6. Global Mining Locations Mining in the Countries Top Mining Countries are Australia, China, USA, Russia, Canada, Brazil, South Africa, Chile, etc. Minerals found in the countries

7. Economic Significance of Mining Mining plays a pivotal role in the economies of many countries by providing jobs, driving industrial growth, and contributing significantly to GDP. It fuels a variety of sectors including construction, manufacturing, and energy production. Employment : Mining directly creates millions of jobs globally, from exploration to extraction, processing, and distribution. Exports and Revenues : Many countries rely heavily on mineral exports for foreign exchange and government revenue. For example, Chile's economy is strongly dependent on copper exports. Infrastructure Development : Minerals are essential for infrastructure projects like bridges, roads, and buildings.

8. Mining's Environmental Footprint Mining activities can have significant negative effects on the environment. These impacts can vary depending on the type of mining, the methods used, and the location. Key environmental issues include: Land Degradation and Habitat Destruction : Surface mining, such as open-pit mining, can result in the removal of large areas of vegetation and soil, leading to habitat loss for wildlife. Water Pollution : Mining operations can introduce harmful substances into nearby water sources. Runoff from mining sites can lead to contamination of rivers and lakes, affecting aquatic life and local communities. Air Pollution : Dust and emissions from mining operations can degrade air quality. Particulate matter can be harmful to both human health and the environment, contributing to respiratory problems and other health issues for nearby populations.

9. Direct Health Effects on Humans Mining is a physically demanding job that exposes workers to hazardous conditions, leading to several immediate and long-term health issues. Miners are exposed to a variety of health risks, which can be categorized into physical, chemical, and psychosocial factors. Accidents: Mining is one of the most dangerous occupations, with high rates of accidents due to equipment failure, falls, and cave-ins. Physical Strain: The demanding nature of mining work can lead to injuries such as strains, sprains, and chronic pain.

10. Respiratory Diseases Silicosis: A lung disease caused by inhaling fine silica dust, leading to inflammation and scarring of lung tissue. Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP): Also known as black lung disease, it results from prolonged inhalation of coal dust, causing lung damage and respiratory impairment. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung conditions that block airflow, often exacerbated by dust exposure in mining. Silicosis Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

11. Chemical Exposure Toxic Chemicals in Mining: Cyanide: Commonly used in gold extraction processes, cyanide can be extremely toxic and poses serious health risks if inhaled or ingested. Asbestos: Often found in some mineral deposits, asbestos exposure can lead to serious respiratory diseases, including asbestosis and lung cancer. Heavy Metals: Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic can result in neurological disorders, kidney damage, and other long-term health effects. Cardiac Arrest caused by Cyanide Lung Cancer Caused by Asbestos Kidney Disease caused by Heavy metals

12. Physical Strain and Injuries Common Types of Injuries: Musculoskeletal Injuries: Strains, sprains, and repetitive motion injuries resulting from lifting heavy equipment or performing the same tasks over long periods. Traumatic Injuries: Injuries caused by falls, equipment accidents, and cave-ins, which can lead to fractures, lacerations, and even fatalities. Musculoskeletal Injuries Traumatic Injuries

13. Hearing Loss Mining operations often involve heavy machinery, drilling, blasting, and transportation equipment, which can generate noise levels exceeding 85 decibels (dB), a threshold recognized as hazardous to hearing. Continuous exposure to high noise levels can lead to permanent hearing damage. Types of Hearing Loss: Temporary Threshold Shift: A temporary reduction in hearing sensitivity after exposure to loud noise, often recovering after a short period. Permanent Hearing Loss: Prolonged exposure can lead to irreversible damage, resulting in difficulty hearing conversations and high-frequency sounds.

14. Mental Health Issues Miners often experience higher rates of mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared to the general population. The demanding work conditions, isolation, and exposure to accidents contribute to increased mental health challenges. Anxiety Depression Post-traumatic stress Disorder(PTSD)

15. Community Health Impacts Health Issues in Communities: Increased respiratory problems and skin diseases can arise from exposure to mining-related dust and pollutants. Waterborne diseases can become more prevalent due to contaminated water supplies. Social and Economic Impacts: Mining can lead to displacement of communities and alter local economies, resulting in loss of livelihoods and increased poverty. Changes in population dynamics, such as in-migration for mining jobs, can strain local healthcare systems and social services. Community Health Initiatives: Collaboration between mining companies and local communities can lead to initiatives aimed at improving public health, such as clean water projects, health education programs, and environmental monitoring.

16. Case Studies of Mining Impacts Case Study 1: The Zambian Copperbelt The Copperbelt region in Zambia is known for its copper mining activities. Health Impacts: Communities around mining operations have reported high rates of respiratory diseases due to dust and air pollution, as well as heavy metal contamination in water sources, leading to health issues like kidney disease and developmental disorders in children. Community Response: Local organizations have advocated for better environmental regulations and health monitoring programs, leading to improved awareness and changes in mining practices.

17. Case Study 2: The Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea The Ok Tedi mine has faced criticism for its environmental practices. Health Impacts: Mining waste has been discharged into the Ok Tedi River, leading to significant water pollution. Residents downstream experienced adverse health effects, including gastrointestinal illnesses and skin diseases from contaminated water sources. Response and Remediation: Legal actions and community pressure have prompted the mining company to adopt better waste management practices and invest in community health initiatives.

18. Case Study 3: The Gold Rush in Brazil Illegal gold mining in the Amazon rainforest has led to widespread deforestation and environmental degradation. Health Impacts: The use of mercury in gold processing has resulted in mercury poisoning among miners and nearby communities, causing severe neurological and developmental issues. Government and NGO Intervention: Efforts from the government and NGOs to regulate illegal mining and provide health services have been initiated to mitigate these impacts.

19. Regulatory Framework and Policies National Regulations: Many countries have established laws and regulations governing mining activities, focusing on worker safety, environmental protection, and community health. Examples include occupational safety and health standards, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), and regulations on the use of hazardous materials. International Guidelines: Organizations such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) provide guidelines and best practices for mining safety and health. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight the importance of responsible mining practices and environmental sustainability.

20. Community Involvement: Regulations increasingly emphasize the involvement of local communities in decision-making processes regarding mining projects. Community consultations and participatory assessments can help ensure that mining operations address local health concerns and environmental impacts. Enforcement and Compliance: Effective enforcement of regulations is crucial for protecting miners and surrounding communities. This includes regular inspections, penalties for non-compliance, and transparency in reporting health and environmental impacts. Collaboration between government agencies, mining companies, and local communities can enhance compliance and promote best practices. Challenges and Opportunities: Despite existing regulations, enforcement can be inconsistent, especially in developing countries. Corruption and lack of resources can hinder effective monitoring. There is an opportunity for improving regulatory frameworks to better address emerging issues, such as the health impacts of new mining technologies and climate change.

21. Future Directions for Safe and Sustainable Mining Technological Advancements: Automation and remote-controlled mining equipment can reduce direct exposure to hazardous environments. Improved personal protective equipment (PPE) and monitoring tools for air quality and noise can enhance worker safety. Sustainable Practices: Emphasizing eco-friendly methods like green mining, which reduces environmental degradation, and promotes the responsible use of resources. Policy and Education: Ongoing development of stricter regulations and increased training programs to enhance safety standards and protect communities.

22. Conclusion and Call to Action Summary of Health Impacts: Mining has significant direct and indirect effects on human health, including physical, respiratory, mental, and community health impacts. The industry must prioritize the well-being of both workers and surrounding communities. Importance of Regulation and Technology: Continued advancements in technology and stricter enforcement of regulations are essential to reduce health risks and improve mining practices. Call to Action: Governments, corporations, and communities must collaborate to enforce policies, invest in health and safety measures, and ensure sustainable mining operations. Individuals can advocate for better conditions, demand transparency, and support ethical mining practices.

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