MISCARRIAGE IN PREGNANCY AND HOW IT IS FUNCTION

ALL ABOUT MISCARRIAGE

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2. Add a Footer 2 SPONTANEOUS MISCARRIAGE

3. Add a Footer 3 DEFINITION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ETIOLOGY SPOTANEOUS MISCARRIAGE also known as ABORTION is define as any interruption of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable (a stage of development that will enable the fetus to survive outside the uterus if born at that time). When a pregnancy is medically or surgically interrupted, this is called termed abortion when interruption occurs spontaneously it is called miscarriage . It is an early miscarriage if it occurs before week 16 of pregnancy, and late if it occurs between weeks 16 and 24. Spotaneous miscarriage occurs in 15% to 30% of all pregnancies and occurs from natural causes . The pathophysiology of a spontaneous miscarriage may be suggested by its timing, Chromosomal defects are commonly seen in spontaneous miscarriage, especially those that occur during 4-8 weeks’ gestation. Causes includes; anembryonic gestation (blighted ovum), fetal chromosomal abnormalities, maternal disease, embryonic anomalies, placental abnormalities, and uterine anomalies. Spontaneous miscarriage is a pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestational age. Approximately half of the miscarriages are due to unknown genetic abnormalities . Alcohol or drug use, infection, chronic disease, environmental exposures, and structural uterine abnormalities are other important risk factors.

4. Add a Footer 4 Add a Footer 4 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSTIC TEST/EXAM NURSING DIAGNOSIS The most common sign of miscarriage is vaginal bleeding that vary from light red or brown spotting to heavy bleeding. Some are; Cramping and pain in the abdomen or lower back. Discharge of fluid or tissue from the vagina. Weight loss Breast tenderness Feeling sick and no longer experiencing the symptoms of pregnancy. Pregnancy is diagnosed with a urine or blood beta- hCG test. Ultrasonography is done to confirm intrauterine pregnancy and check for fetal cardiac activity, which is usually detectable after 5.5 to 6 weeks gestation. The risk for infection (including pelvic inflammatory disease) related to the dilated cervix and open uterine vessels. Acute pain related to uterine cramping secondary to the expulsion of some products of conception. Fluid volume deficit related to profuse vaginal bleeding secondary to incomplete abortion Nausea and vomiting Fever Vaginal discharge Anxiety

5. Add a Footer 5 NURSING MANAGEMENT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT TYPES OF MISCARRIAGE If bleeding is profuse, place the women flat in bed on her side and monitor uterine contractions and fetal heart rate through an external monitor. Also measure intake and output to establish renal function and assess the women’s vital signs to establish maternal response to blood. For medical abortion at < 12 weeks; recommend the use of 200 mg mifepristone administered orally , followed 1-2 days later by 800 ug Mosoprostol administered vaginally, sublingually or buccally. The minimum recommended interval between use of mifepristone and misoprostol is 24 hours . MISSED MISCARRISGE THREATENED MISCARRIAGE IMMINENT (INEVITABLE) MISCARRIAGE INCOMPLETE MISCARRIAGE COMPLETE MISCARRIAGE

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