MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS.pdf

Miscellaneous materials

2. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Group Presentation :-
GROUP-7 ( 81 –85 )
•Muhammad Saad Khan
•Mohsin Khan
•Afaq Marwat
•Abdullah Khan Sikandar

3. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Topics
Asbestos
Plaster of Paris
Abrasives
Cork
Bitumen
Asphalt
Road Metal
Rubber

4. ASBESTOS

5. ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral with high tensile
strength, ability to be woven and provide resistance to heat and
most chemicals
Asbestos-Chrysotile
All types of asbestos may break into very tiny fibers
Some fibers maybe up to 700 times smaller than a human hair and
can be identified using a microscope

6. PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos have good tensile strength and may bear greater load
They are flexible
They are Heat resistant and provide good insulation
They provide Electrical resistance
They are chemical resistant
They have Sound proofing/Heat proofing properties
They do not burn rapidly when ignited hence they also have fire
proofing properties

7. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos is the name given to six naturally occurring minerals that
are mined from the earth
The most common types are :-
Chrysotile –White Asbestos
Amosite –Brown Asbestos
Crocidolite –Blue Asbestos
The other types are :-
Tremolite
Actinolite
Anthophyllite

8. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
The chemical composition of various types of asbestos
(Table 2.1)
SiO2 and MgOare the important molecules which
provide asbestos with a wide range of properties

9. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos has been used for centuries, its use increased greatly
during World War II, It became an element for the construction of
ships providing insulation
It can be used as reinforcement in Fibro-cement sheets
It can be used for fireproofing
It can be used for roofing and flooring

10. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos mixed with cement
and sprayed forms a fire-resistant material

11. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos can be used for Pipe insulation
Asbestos-cement pipes are used for carrying
underground water
It can be used in plaster for acoustic proofing
It can be used in the manufacture Ceilings and Tiles

12. HEALTH HAZARDS
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure may lead to Lung
Cancer
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure include Asbestosis and
Mesothelmia
The cancer resulting from asbestos exposure spreads very quickly,
eventually resulting in death
It can be caused by very low exposure
Due to these serious health hazards
It’s use declined very quickly after 1981

13. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)can be used for replacing asbestos in ceilings
PVA fiber
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) can be used for insulation in walling and
floorings, PVC also provides resistance to chemical attacks

14. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyprylene(PP) fiber in concrete can be used for fire resistance and
toughness, PP fiber proves to be an excellent alternative for
Asbestos

15. PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of fine
white powder (calcium sulfate hemihydrate –CaSO4,1/2 H2O)
It forms a paste when moistened and hardens when allowed to dry
It is known since ancient times, Plaster of Paris is so called because of
its preparation from the abundant gypsum found near Paris.

16. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING
The raw material gypsum is sorted and washed
with water for removal of sand and other
impurities
The lumps thus obtained are then dried and
powdered.
The dried gypsum powder is calcined(Burnt) in a
rotary kiln at a temperature of 160ºC to 180ºC
The process of calcination is done over a period
of about 2 hours, so that one and half molecules
of water is removed to convert the gypsum
(CaSo4 2 H2O) into Plaster of Paris (CaSo4 ½ H2O)
Plaster of Paris can be moulded into different
shapes when it is moistened, but gypsum
plaster does not have that property

17. PROPERTIES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It reacts exothermically with moisture/water
Plaster of Paris is easy to spread and level
It is highly fire resistant and nonflammable
It forms a thick surface after drying.
It expands very slightly on setting.
It does not cause cracking of surfaces. It gives a decorative interior
finish
It has a lower chemical reactivity and is resistant to many chemicals

18. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used for protective
coating on walls and ceilings
Used to fill small gaps on walls & roofs
It is used as a casting agent decorative elements. It is used to give
aesthetic finishing touches to the buildings

19. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It is used as a fireproofing material and for making
chalks
Used for false ceilings and other decorative patterns
as it can be easily moulded to any shape
Used in hospitals for immobilizing the affected part in
case of bone fracture or sprain

20. ABRASIVES
An abrasive is a hard material , that is used to shape or finish a
workpiece through rubbing/Polishing, this leads to part of the
workpiece being worn away by friction
Abrasive materials maybe used in the form of abrasive wheels or
sand paper
Abrasives may be classified as either natural or synthetic

21. TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Natural Abrasives :-
Natural Abrasives occur as rocks
or minerals in the earth crust,
which are:-
Diamond
Garnet
Corundum
Quartz
Quartz Mineral
Diamond
Corundum

22. TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Synthetic Abrasives :-
Synthetic abrasives include
Carborundum
Aluminum Oxide لام گیر) )
Boron Carbide
Carborundum
Al2O3
Boron Carbide

23. FORMS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives maybe used both in Block form and
powdered form
Block form are pieces cut in suitable shapes from the
abrasive material
Block form are generally used as
grindstone, whetstone
The powdered form is generally used in
manufacturing of abrasive wheels and
sand paper

24. PROPERTIES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasive materials are hard having greater strength
They have sharp and angular corners which help in
shaping and polishing of a material
They are water resistant
Chemically inert
High Melting point
Their hardness remains same at Room and Elevated
temperatures

25. APPLICATIONS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives offers a wide range of domestic as well as
industrial applications
They are used for polishing and shaping of a material
They may be used for sharpening of knives in domestic
use
They may be used for cutting of fragile materials

26. USES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives may be used in welding works for cutting
purpose
They may be used for cutting metals and polishing of
cars in Automobile industry
They may be used in cutting of reinforcements in
building constructions

27. CORK

28. INTRODUCTION
Cork is the natural, renewable and
sustainable construction raw-material
Cork has an unusual combination of
properties making it suitable for application
in buildings and infrastructures
For example
Insulation, wear-resistance and durability.
These properties provide designers,
Architects and engineers to meet some of
the Green Building demands.

29. INTRODUCTION
It is a light, elastic material that is practically
impermeable to liquid and gas, as well as being a
thermal and electrical insulator.

30. COMPOSITION OF CORK
Cork is the bark of the oak tree.
Cork is composed of dead cells that
accumulate on the outer surface of the
cork oak tree
It has structure similar to a honey comb
Cork is a component of the bark
peeled from the cork oak tree is
primarily composed of suberification
cells .

31. APPLICATION OF CORK
Different types of cork materialsare commonly used
in insulation for ceilings, floors, and walls
Cork are used for interior decoration of building
It offers soundproofing elements
Cork can be used for countertop
It provide thermal insulation simultaneously between
the two levels

32. APPLICATION OF CORK
Cork can be used for Architecture
And Interior Designing

33. ASPHALT

34. DEFINITION :
ASPHALT IS A HIGHLY, STICKY AND BLACK VISCOUS
LIQUID OR SEMI SOLID FORM OF PETROLEUM.
It is used as a glue or binder mixed with aggregate
particles to form an Asphalt concrete.Itmay be found
natural deposits or may be a refined product.
Until the 20
th
century, the asphaltiumwas also used.
The term bitumen was also used for asphalt.
The main difference between Asphalt and Bitumen is
that the Bitumen is generally used for naturally occurring
material while Asphalt is generally used for
manufactured material i.eobtained from destructive
distillation of coal. In American English, generally the term
Asphalt is used.

35. NORMAL COMPOSITION :
The components of Asphalt include four main classes
of compounds.
Naphthalene : consisting of polycyclic aromatic
compounds.
Polar Aromatics : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Carboxylic acid.
Saturated Hydrocarbons : the percentage of
saturated compounds in asphalt correlates with its
softening point
Asphaltenes : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Heterocyclic compounds.

36. PROPERTIES
Some of the desirable properties of Asphalt are;
Stability (its ability to resist heavy loads)
Durability (its ability to resist such factors such as weather,
traffic etc)
Flexibility (its ability to adjust gradual settlements and
movements without Cracking)
Fatigue resistance (its ability to resists repeated loads
under high wheel loads. Air voids and binder viscosity
have significant effect on fatigue resistance.)
Skid resistance (its ability to minimize skidding or slipping
of vehicle tires particularly when wet.)

37. Impermeability (ability to resists the passage of water and
air through it.)
Workability (mixtures with good workability are easy to
place and compact)

38. USES OF ASPHALT:
The primary use of asphalt about
70% is in Road construction,
where it is used as a glue or
binder mixed with aggregate
particles to create an asphalt
concrete.
Some of the uses of Asphalt
concrete are ;
Highways
Airport Runways

39. Car parks
Footways
Racetracks
Roofing
Dams
Sound proofing
Pipes coating
Cable coating
Building water proofing
Newspaper ink production

40. DISADVANTAGES OF
ASPHALT
Care and use; (Asphalt
construction needs more proper
care and maintenance than
concrete)
Breaks; (when asphalt is not
properly laid it tends to cracks
and finally break)
Equipment; (Asphalt
constructions requires heavy
equipment to install and is very
expensive)

41. ROAD METAL

42. INTRODUCTION :
The broken stones or cinders used in making and
repairing of roads or railroads are referred to as
Road Metal
Road metal later became the name of the Road
surfacing material. Nowadays we call them Road
surfacing material.
A wide variety of materials are used in the road
surfacing material such as natural soil,
aggregates(fine or coarse aggregates), lime,
bituminous materials, cement etcfor improved
performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.

43. MATERIALS USED IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION SURFACES
Gravel
Gravel is a practical, affordable and usually used for
low traffic volume particularly in rural areas. These are
invariably derived by breaking the naturally occurring
rocks to the required sizes. They are also used as part
of bituminous mixes and cement concrete.
Disadvantages of gravel:
Develops cracks during hot weather
Rough and noisy
Generates dust and stones

44. Asphalt :
Almost all newly constructed roads and highways
are surfaced with asphalt. These type of roads are
built to handle high traffic volumes and heavy loads.
The primary use of asphalt about 70% is in road
construction. However it costs more than gravel
because it has high performance ratio than gravel.
Quick to apply, fast drying.
Relatively low road noise
Easy to repair
Recyclable
Can last over 40 years
Flexible load distribution

45. Concrete
Concrete road surfaces are composed from cement
and other materials such as aggregate and chemical
admixtures. One of the major advantage of concrete
pavement is that they are typically stronger and more
durable than Asphalt roadways. They may be
constructed directly over a compacted well soil
subgrade. It long as 30 to 50 years.
Highly compressive strength
Durability and maintenance free life
Vehicles consumes less fuel
Resistant to fire and extreme weather
Eco friendly process

46. Also wide variety of other materials are used in the
construction of roads surface such as soil , bitumen,
composite pavements etc.
Desirable properties of road
aggregates :
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Durability
Adhesion with bitumen
Shape of aggregates

47. TYPES OF ROADS
Earth road (used where traffic level is rare)
Kankarroad (impure form of limestone is used in these
type of roads)
Murramroad (obtained from igneous rocks, low cost
road and similar to gravel road)
Brick aggregate road (Burnt bricks are used as an
aggregate)
Concrete road
Bituminous road
Gravel Road
Brick Road
Murram

48. RUBBER

49. INTRODUCTION
Rubber is a material which can shrink and stretch
It is sticky elastic solid produced from natural sources or can be
synthesized on an industrial scale
It is also known as elastomer
E.gs are gloves, tires, plugs and masks

50. TYPES OF RUBBER :
NATURAL RUBBER
Natural Rubber :-
From HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (TREE)
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Synthetic Rubber :-
From PETROLEUMFeed stock
There are many different kinds of
Rubber But they all fall into two Broad
types :-

51. NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Natural rubber is made from a runny milky white liquid
called LATEX that oozes from certain plants when you
cut them
Common Dandelions produce latex if you snap off
their stem
NR is a polymer of isoprene also known as (2-
methylbuta-1,3-diene)

52. LATEX :-
Latex is a sticky, milky white sap drawn off by making
incisions In the bark of rubber tree
In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow,
orange or scarlet latex
Latex is natural polymer of Isoprene

53. Chemical process for converting rubber into more
durable materials by adding Sulphur or equivalent
materials
Vulcanization normally results in increased elasticity,
strength , durability and also increased resistance to
chemical agents
VULCANIZATION :-

54. SYNTHETIC RUBBER :-
Rubber produced by artificial chemical process is
known as Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic Rubber is derived from petroleum
byproducts.
Synthetic Rubbers are superior to Natural rubbers
in two major respects, thermal stability and
resistance to oil and related compounds

55. EXAMPLES
Some Examples of Manufactured Synthetic Rubbers
Butyl Rubber
Neoprene Silicon Rubber
< Polyisoprene>

56. PROPERTIES
Highly amorphous material and randomly oriented
High tensile strength
They are flexible and has energy storing ability
Chemical Resistant
It is elastic, strong and tough
It is highly impermeable to both water and air
Bad conductor of heat
When two fresh surfaces of milled rubber are pressed together,
they coalesce to form a single piece. This property (known as
tackiness)

57. APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER
Some of the common applications of rubber are
given below :-
Daily use items
Automotive Industry
Adhesive Materials
Sealing agents
Insulation Materials
Sports goods

58. BITUMEN

59. A BLACK VISCOUS MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS OBTAINED
NATURALLY OR AS A RESIDUE FROM PETROLEUM DISTILLATION.
IT IS USED FOR ROAD SURFACING AND ROOFING.
TYPES OF BITUMEN
There are different types of bitumen available with different
properties, specifications
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Cut-Back Bitumen
Blown Bitumen
Plastic Bitumen

60. 01-PENETRATION GRADE BITUMEN
The penetration grade bitumen is refinery
bitumen that is manufactured at different
viscosities
The penetration test is carried out to
characterize the bitumen, based on hardness.
Penetration Grade Bitumenis usually used in
Pavingessential for road construction and for
the production of asphalt pavements with
superior properties .

61. 02-BITUMEN EMULSION
It is a liquid compound which
contains a large amount of
bitumen in aqueous medium
It is suspended by some
appropriate stabilizing agents in the
aqueous medium.
Bitumen emulsion are used
extensively in bituminous road
construction
Other than this they are used for
maintenance and repair work.

62. 03-CUT-BACK BITUMEN
These are a grade of bitumen
that comes under penetration
grade bitumen. This type of
bitumen has a temporarily
reduced viscosity
It is generally derived from coal
tar.
Cut-back bitumen can be used
as bitumen paint in cold.

63. 04-BLOWN BITUMEN
Blown bitumen are produced by passing
air under pressure at high temperature
This process gives the bitumen more
rubbery properties than its original formula
and they are simply harder bitumen.
Used for the manufacture of roofing tents
and waterproofing industries, for sound
proofing and dampening, sealing of oil
and gas pipe joints

64. 05-PLASTIC BITUMEN
It comprises of bitumen thinner and
appropriate inert reagent(about 40%)
The plastic waste coated aggregate is
mixed with hot bitumen and the
resulting mix is used for road
construction
Plastic bitumen can be used for filling
cracks, leakages , in masonry
structures etc

65. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
They are extremely Hard and have greater
Strength
They have adhesive properties and hence easily
bind
They are Viscous and not easy to flow , However
this property is temperature dependent
Chemical resistant and also show resistance to
water
Ductile and can be molded into thin sheets during
road constructions
They have greater durability and may last longer
then concrete and other members

66. APPLICATION OF BITUMEN
Road construction
Basins, Dam linings
Water barriers, waterproofing, Drainage
gutters etc.
Damp proofing