MODELS OF DISABILITY

This PPT Prepared by Teacher Educator from Thiagarajar College of Preceptors Madurai for B.Ed Trainees.

1. MODELS OF DISABILITY PRESENTED BY T.GNANAPRAKASAM, M.SC., M.ED, M.SC (Psychology), Net(education) Assistant professor in education, Thiagarajar college of preceptors, Madurai-9.

2. MODELS OF DISABILITY Introduction: Models of disability are tools for defining impairment and ultimately, for providing a basis upon which government and society can devise strategies for meeting the needs of disabled people. Models of disability are essentially devised by people ( normal people) about other (disabled) people.

3. Fundamental philosophies It focuses disabled people as dependent upon society . This can result paternalism, segregation and discrimination . It focuses disabled people as customers of what society has to offer. It leads to choice, empowerment, equality of human rights and integration .

4. Types of models o f disability Individual Model Social Model Medical Model Nagi’s Model Quebec Disability Production Process Model Human Rights Model Professional Model

5. Types of models of disability Transactional Model Charity model Functional or Economical Model Rehabilitation Model

6. Individual Model of Disability The two fundamentals of Individual models of Disability The problems of disability lies within the individual The causes of disability stem from the functional limitations or psychological disorders which are assumed to arise from disability Above two points might be called “the personal tragedy theory of disability”

7. Focusing point… It recommends caring and supporting the disabled (instead of treating and curing them) . Plead for the segregation of the disabled from the normal people and provide appropriate training or education for rehabilitating them. Severe impairments are to be taken care of, by admitting them in rehabilitation institutions

8. Drawbacks of Individual model It considers source of disability lies within the individuals; it ignores the role of physical and social environment; i.e. makes the individual response for his disability not social responsibility It considers the personal tragedy theory It suggests segregating the disabled from the normal people and taking care of them. This is against democratic principal

9. Drawbacks of Individual model No recommendation to provide equal opportunities to them in all fields of life. This model considers disabled people as inferior to others It ignores the responsibility of state and society, to address the issues of the disabled. It does not offer any suggestion for making the disabled to participate in social life fully like any other normal individual in the society.

10. social model of disability Disability as a consequence of environmental, social and attitudinal barriers Due to shortcomings of the society and not because of the loss or limitations of functioning of the bodily organs of an individual

11. Social model Instead of attempting to decrease the disability level of the individuals, it is better the society removes the barriers (with respect to physical environment, attitude of people and institutions etc.) Ensure the social participation of the disabled

12. Salient features of disability Artificial organs, special training and technical assistance are provided to life a normal social life It advocates that the removal of attitudinal, physical and institutional barriers will improve the quality of disabled people. Instead of providing treatment, the society can change itself and make available facilities .

13. Features… It recommends Inclusive education It advocates equitable opportunities Society can change to adapt the disabled. (EX. Bus can be rearranged …) Helps the disabled take control of their own lives.

14. Drawbacks of social model If the population will increase, it harder for the society to adjust. Difficulty to understand by charities and rehabilitation

15. Medical model of disability Disability results from individual person,s physical or mental limitations and largely unconnected to the social and physical environment. Disability as a consequence of the medical condition of an individual Disability is due to dys -functioning of physical organs

16. Salient features of Medical model To remove the handicap, attention should be focused on “cure and care” C annot cure completely. Adverse effects can be reduced by treatment and training. S evere disabled can be admitted rehabilitation centers for care & support. This model seeks the solution within the individual by helping him and overcome the personal impairment.

17. LIMITATIONS OF MEDICAL MODEL The solution of the disability is also lie within the disabled. Segregating and admitting persons with incurable disabilities in rehabilitation institution. Differentiate the disabled from the normal people Negative ideas are generated in employers by this model which adversely affect the livelihood of the disabled.

18. Limitations… Silent on the responsibilities of the state and society in addressing the problems of disabled. Against the democratic thinking of “progress for all and progress with all”.

19. Difference b/w medical model & social model Medical Model Sources of disability is located in bodily organs Solutions are curing treating and curing them to return normality Social Model Due to physical and attitudinal barriers in the society Solution is that society should adjust itself to meet the needs and aspiration of the disabled

20. Differences… Medical Model Disabled be segregated and given treatment and training. The extent of disability is to be reduced through the use of necessary equipment, aids and training. Creates the negative impression that the disabled are abnormal people Social Model Efforts should be taken by the society to have similar opportunities as others on equitable basis. Considers that it is the duty of the state and society, to help the disabled to participate fully in social activities Social model promotes positive attitude towards in the minds of people

21. Differences … Medical Model It views disability is against the democratic principles Care and support is considered as the primary measures in dealing with the disabled All kinds of disabilities cannot be fully cured Recommends Special Education or training Social Model Its viewing of disability based on democratic principles. The responsibility of the society is to remove the barriers . The society could help the disabled to participate themselves fully in social activities Emphasizes Inclusive Education.

22. Nagi’s models of disability Disablement Terminology Nagi used the term, pathology, pathophysiology, impairment, functional limitation and disability to describe health status. These term can be used to categorize clinical observations systematically.

23. Nagi’s model Disease   Disease is "a pathological condition of the body or abnormal entity with a characteristic group of signs and symptoms that affect the body". E tiology can be known or unknown. Signs are direct observable or measurable evidence of physical abnormality while symptoms are the more subjective reactions to the physical abnormality.  Impairments Impairments (direct) are the result of pathology or disease states and include any loss or abnormality of physiologic, anatomic, or psychologic structure or function. For a patient with stroke, examples of impairments that are the direct result of pathology might include sensory loss, paresis and hemianopia. Impairments may or may not be permanent.

24. Nagi’s Model Functional Limitation “The restriction of the ability to perform at the level of the whole person, a physical action, task or activity in an efficient, typically expected or competent manner . (BADL )Basic ADL – Dressing, feeding, bathing &( IADL)Instrumental ADL – House cleaning, preparing meals, shopping, managing finance, etc   DISABILITY The term disability refers to societal rather than individual functioning, it is defined as an inability to perform or a limitation in the performance of actions, tasks and activities usually expected in specific social roles that are customary for the individual or expected for the person’s status or role in a specific sociocultural context and physical environment. Categories of required roles included are self care, home management, work and community/ leisure.  

25. Nagi’s model Terminologies associated with disability: Activity - The nature and extent of functioning. Function - Activities essential to support physical, social and psychological well being. Health - State of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. Quality of life: The sense of total well-being that encompass both physical and psychosocial aspect of the patient's life. Participation: The extent of a person’s involvement in life situations in relation to impairments, activities, health condition and contextual factors. Participation may be restricted in nature, duration and quality.