Modern techniques for stress management in fruit crops.pptx

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, effective stress management in fruit crops is paramount for ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and high-quality yields. This presentation examines contemporary techniques employed to mitigate stress in fruit crops, focusing on the integration of advanced technologies and innovative approaches. The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoTs), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing technologies are highlighted for their transformative potential in monitoring and managing crop stress. These cutting-edge tools enable real-time data collection and analysis, facilitating proactive and precise interventions. By leveraging these modern techniques, fruit growers can enhance crop resilience, optimize resource use, and improve overall productivity.

1. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE Doctoral Seminar Session: 2023-24 Seminar Incharge : Dr. S.K. Pandey Presented By: Jyoti Sengar (Professor & Head) Ph.D. 2 nd year Horticulture (Fruit Science) Roll no. : 220133003

2. Modern Techniques for stress management in Fruit Crops

3. Plant Stress and its Types Plant stress is ‘any unfavorable condition or substance that affects or blocks a plant’s metabolism, growth or development’. Abiotic Stress: Drought Flood Salt Cold Heat Toxin Biotic Stress: fungi, viruses, bacteria, nematodes, and insects Abiotic Stress Biotic Stress Heat Insects Cold Flood Virus Bacteria

4. Electromagnetic Spectrum Reflectance refers to the proportion of incident electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by a surface or material. Reflactance =Incident radiation ÷Reflected radiation​×100% Niekerk et al., 2019 Remote Sensing in Stress management Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object under investigation. Kot et al., 2020

5. Plant Stress detection through Remote Sensing Reductions in chlorophyll content or changes in pigment ratios, changes in Leaf Morphology and cellular damage etc. Causes Change in reflactance Plant leaf structure ( Healthy ) Plant leaf structure ( Stressed ) Data analysis Satellite

6. Different Types of Sensors and Instruments Used For Stress Management in Fruit Crops Soil Moisture Sensors : Capacitance-based sensors Tensiometers Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors Frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors Electrical resistance sensors (e.g., gypsum blocks) Weather Sensors : Thermometers (for temperature monitoring) Hygrometers (for relative humidity measurement) Anemometers (for wind speed measurement) Pyranometers (for solar radiation measurement) Rain gauges (for precipitation measurement) Leaf and Canopy Sensors : Chlorophyll meters (for chlorophyll content estimation) Fluorometers (for chlorophyll fluorescence measurement)

7. Cont … Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors (for vegetation indices calculation) Infrared thermometers (for leaf temperature measurement) Spectroradiometers (for spectral reflectance measurement) 4. Water Potential Sensors : Pressure chamber (for measuring plant water potential) Psychrometers (for measuring leaf water potential) 5. Nutrient Sensors : Ion-selective electrodes (for measuring soil nutrient concentrations) Leaf sap analysis kits (for assessing nutrient levels in plant tissues) 6. Imaging Sensors : Digital cameras (for visual monitoring of crop health) Near-infrared (NIR) cameras (for detecting water stress) Thermal cameras (for measuring canopy temperature and stress detection)

8. Cont … 7. Root Zone Sensors : Soil temperature probes Soil pH sensors Electrical conductivity (EC) sensors 8. Gas Exchange Instruments : Infrared gas analyzers (for measuring photosynthesis and transpiration rates) Gas chromatographs (for analyzing volatile organic compounds released by stressed plants) 9. Remote Sensing Instruments : Satellite and aerial imagery (for large-scale monitoring of crop stress) Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) equipped with various sensors for high-resolution imaging and data collection

9. Different types of sensors and Instruments for stress management in fruit crops Microtensiometers Photos courtesy of Washington State University Department of Horticulture. Illustration of soil moisture sensor-based irrigation system in a tree fruit orchard. Image: Long He, Penn State EC sensor Soil Thermometer Weather Station

10. Pressure Chamber Drone Gas exchange analyzer Thermal Camera for stress management Infrared Thermometer Different Types of Sensors and Instruments for Stress Management in Fruit Crops Wen et al., 2023

11. Case Study The influence of five levels of irrigation on two citrus species (‘Red Ruby’ grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis  (L.) Osbeck )) was evaluated. Images were taken using a portable thermal camera and analyzed using open-source software. The results indicated a positive relationship between the amount of water applied and the temperature response of plants exposed to different water levels.

12. ( a ) Irrigation lateral line and distribution of drip stakes for treatment application in the pots placed on the benches with wireframes; ( b ) image capturing in one-year-old citrus plants, with the thermal camera, using a black screen as a background.

13.  Digital ( left ) and thermal ( right ) images of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants subjected to different crop evapotranspiration treatments. Dark-colored plants are colder than orange/yellow-colored plants. This real-time technique identifies when the water stress occurs and when it would be the best time to irrigate the plants.

14. Conclusion The results showed a good relationship between temperature and the physiological response of plants exposed to different water levels. Plants that received less water and were subject to water restrictions showed higher canopy temperatures than the air for ‘Red Ruby’ grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange. The thermal images easily identified plants with water stress. This process allows quickly obtaining the canopy temperature and can assess citrus water status for further research in the greenhouse and perhaps in commercial operations with mature trees in the field after specific experimentation.

15. Artificial Intelligence for Stress Management in Fruit Crops Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning AI, or Artificial Intelligence, refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses a wide range of techniques and approaches aimed at enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.

16. Machine Learning Machine learning involves the development of computational models that can automatically learn patterns and relationships from data without being explicitly programmed. The machine learning algorithms infer predictive models capable of identifying and categorizing different stressors affecting plants. Sidd , 2020 How Machines are trained

17. Deep Learning Deep learning focuses on learning hierarchical representations of data through the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) with multiple layers of interconnected nodes. Ronaghan , 2018 Deep Neural Network Human Neural Network

18. Image coutsery : Orchi et al., 2021 Flowchart of Stress Detection Through AI

19. Image Segmentation and Classification Through AI Image source: USDA ( Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ) CITRUS CANKER CITRUS CANKER Image segmentation Image Classification

20. Different AI-based Systems for Stress Management FruitSpec Ceres Imaging Trimble Ag Software Arable Labs Plantix Gamaya Prospera Taranis Farmwave PlantVillage Image Source: GINSEP Indian farmers using Plantix for disease detection in the field

21. Demonstration of Disease Detection by Plantix

22. IOTs for Stress Management in Fruit Crops "IoT" stands for the Internet of Things. It refers to a network of interconnected devices or objects that can communicate and exchange data with each other over the internet without requiring human intervention. Sensors at Main gate and windows Camera at your door step App on your smart phone

23. IOTs for Stress Detection and Automation Extract environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity) from sensor data. Utilize Machine L earning or Deep L earning A lgorithms for Stress D etection Decision Making Send an alert on farmers phone if stress is found Continue monitoring or perform routine maintenance tasks if no stress is found. Provide recommendations for stress management strategies Visualize and report the stress detection results

24. Components of the A utomatic Irrigation System Image source: Millan et al., 2019

25. Case Study

26. In collaboration with the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), the Indian Institute of Information Technology Bangalore (IIITB) is developing an automated greenhouse system for bringing in precision in agriculture. The project, called AutoGrow , will work on a data sensing system, which is being created using Internet of Things (IoT).   T he IoT sensors which will be put in the soil will detect the water needs and nutrient needs of the crops. The AI/ML models will then deliver water and nutrients accordingly, as the sensors will also be put inside the tanks or containers.

27. Genome Editing Tools for Stress Management in Fruit Crops Genome editing is a set of techniques that enable precise modifications to the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Applications: Drought Tolerance : by modifying genes involved in water uptake, retention, and utilization. Disease Resistance : By targeting susceptibility genes or introducing resistance genes from wild relatives or other species . Insect Resistance : By modifying genes involved in plant-insect interactions, such as defense signaling pathways, insecticidal proteins, or insect attractants, genome editing can deter pest feeding and reduce crop losses caused by insect damage. Abiotic Stress Tolerance : It can improve fruit crop resilience to various abiotic stresses, including heat, cold, salinity, and heavy metals. By targeting genes involved in stress perception, signaling, and tolerance mechanisms.

28. C lustered R egularly I nterspaced S hort P alindromic R epeats ( CRISPR ) In 2012, Biochemist Jennifer Doudna and microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier co-invented the gene-editing system CRISPR-Cas9, a technology for editing DNA with unprecedented precision and efficiency. An immune system found in prokaryotes. CRISPR is found in Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis etc. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier Bacteriophage attacking a bacterium

29. CRISPR as an Adaptive Immune Response https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/blog/how-crispr-revolutionized-science.html

30. Source: https://www.umassmed.edu/rti/biology/crispr-cas9/

31. Examples of CRISPR Mediated Genome Editing in Different Fruit Crops for Stress Management   B anana: for the control of Banana Streak Virus (BSV) by inactivating the eBSV integrated into the host genome (Tripathi et al., 2021) . For developing CRISPR/Cas9‐edited banana with the targeted mutations in the  MusaDMR6  orthologues was represented a strategy for controlling Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) (Tripathi et al., 2021). Citrus: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated promoter editing of CsLOB1 ( Citrus sinensis Lateral Organ Boundaries 1) is an efficient strategy for generation of canker-resistant citrus cultivars in Wanjincheng orange (Peng et al., 2017). Grape: By incorporating the mutagenesis in susceptible genes MLO-7 in grape cultivar Chardonnay to increase their resistance to powdery mildew (Peng et al., 2017). knockout of VvWRKY52 in grape increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea (wang et al., 2018). Apple: By incorporating DIPM-1, DIPM-2, and DIPM-4 in apple cultivar Golden delicious, to increase their resistance to fire blight disease (Peng et al., 2017).

32. I mprovement of citrus canker resistance was reported through CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted modification of the susceptibility gene  CsLOB1  promoter in citrus.  Promoter editing of  CsLOB1   G  alone was sufficient to enhance citrus canker resistance in Wanjincheng orange. Case Study

33. Cross Protection Techniques in Fruit Crops It involves pre-exposure of plants to a mild or harmless strain of a virus to induce resistance against more severe or damaging strains of the same virus. This technique relies on the phenomenon of cross-protection, where immunity acquired against one strain of a virus provides partial or complete protection against closely related strains.

34. Mechanism of Cross Protection Technique T his method has been developed at a commercial level to protect cucurbit crops against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).  ZYMV-WK is a natural variant of a severe aphid nontransmissible isolate. Lecoq et al., 2008 Representation of mild strain cross-protection as applied with ZYMV-WK in zucchini squash.

35. Examples of Cross Protection Technique in Different Crops Abbas et al., 2005

36. Indexing Disease indexing in plants is a method used to detect, identify, and quantify the presence of pathogens or diseases in plant samples. It involves the inoculation or exposure of test plants to known pathogens under controlled conditions to observe and assess disease symptoms or signs.

37. Process of Disease Indexing Selection of Test Plants: Healthy plants of the same species or cultivar are selected as test plants for disease indexing. These plants should be free from any visible symptoms of disease and representative of the population being evaluated. Preparation of Inoculum: Pathogen inoculum, which may consist of spores, mycelium, infected plant material, or purified cultures of the pathogen, is prepared under sterile conditions. The inoculum is carefully collected, stored, and standardized to ensure consistent and reproducible results. Inoculation of Test Plants: The test plants are inoculated with the pathogen using various methods such as spraying, rubbing, injecting, or dipping. The inoculation is performed under controlled conditions to ensure uniform exposure of the test plants to the pathogen. Monitoring for Disease Symptoms: After inoculation, the test plants are monitored regularly for the development of disease symptoms or signs. This may involve visual inspection for characteristic symptoms such as leaf spots, wilting, necrosis, chlorosis, or other abnormalities indicative of disease.

38. Cont … Disease Assessment: Disease severity, incidence, or other disease parameters are assessed and recorded based on standardized criteria. This may include quantifying the number of diseased plants, measuring lesion size or area, recording disease progression over time, or rating disease severity on a scale. Data Analysis and Interpretation: The data collected from disease indexing experiments are analyzed statistically to determine the presence, severity, and distribution of the disease in the test plants. The results are interpreted to evaluate the susceptibility or resistance of the tested plants to the pathogen and to assess the effectiveness of disease management strategies.

39. Types of Disease Indexing Field indexing: also known as biological indexing including the mechanical inoculation through direct contact or vegetative propagation and/or through insect transmission. Laboratory indexing: also known as quick indexing including serological, molecular and chemical assays.

40. List of the indicator plants used for biological indexing of commonly found graft transmissible pathogens of Citrus Species Lee et al., 2021 All U.S. citrus introduction programs participating in the National Citrus Germplasm Passport Program utilize similar indicator plants ( Vidalakis et al., 2010). a Cool temperature: 24–28 ◦C day/18–21 ◦C night. Warm temperature: 32–40 ◦C day/24–27 ◦C night. b sPAGE = sequential Polyacylamide Gel Electrophorphoresis

41. Advantages of Modern Techniques for Stress Management in Fruit Crops Early Detection and Monitoring of plant stress Precision Agriculture Targeted Intervention Real-time Monitoring and Decision Support Resource Efficiency and Sustainability

42. Challenges in Implications of Modern Techniques in India Cost and Infrastructure Constraints Limited Awareness and Technical Skills Regulatory and Policy Challenges Access to Data and Information Social and Cultural Factors

43. Conclusion In conclusion, modern agricultural technologies such as remote sensing, AI, IoT, and genome editing hold immense promise for enhancing stress management in fruit crops. Despite the challenges, there is great potential to overcome barriers and unlock the benefits of modern agricultural technologies for fruit crop production in India. Building capacity, fostering innovation, promoting policy support, enhancing infrastructure, and strengthening extension services are essential steps towards realizing this potential.

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