Module 1 & 2 for Introduction to Philosophy

Module 1 & 2 for Introduction to Philosophy

1. Module 1: Doing Philosophy 20/06/2025 1

2. objectives After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view (PPT11/12-Ia-1.1) 2. Realize the value of doing Philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective in life (PPT11/12-Ib-1.3) 20/06/2025 2

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6. In its sense, Philosophy (Philosophia in Greek) means “love of wisdom” ( Mabaquiao , 2016). A philosopher therefore is a lover of wisdom or someone who loves wisdom. In ancient Greece, the lovers of wisdom (philosophers) were the pioneers in different fields of knowledge such as history, science, medicine,mathematics , and many more ( Abella , 2016). 20/06/2025 6

7. Men in nature has the “sense of wonder” which enables them to ponder on some of the most enduring questions about human existence. These are called “big questions” in life. Some of these questions are: 1) what is the meaning of your life? 2)do you have free will? and 3) does God exist? 20/06/2025 7

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9. Activity 2. Balancing Ideas Directions. Using the diagram below, write your idea on the difference between holistic perspective and partial point of view. 20/06/2025 9

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11. Holistic thinking Partial thinking 20/06/2025 11

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16. ANSWER KEY T T T T F T F T T T 20/06/2025 16

17. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1) 2. Realize that the methods of Philosophy lead to wisdom and truth (PPT11/12-Id- 2.3) 3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing 20/06/2025 17

18. Module 2 Methods of Philosophizing 20/06/2025 18

19. Philosophy, as the love of wisdom, aims to search for wisdom. In searching for wisdom, Philosophers also seek for truth. Being wise is knowing when you know the truth and when you don’t know it. Truth is a kind of property whose opposite is falsity ( Mabaquiao , 2016). 20/06/2025 19

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23. First, a statement is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. Second, a statement or belief is true if it is based on facts. Third, a statement or belief is true if it can be proven through an action. 20/06/2025 23

24. ways on knowing if something is true. With the statements above, one can infer that, there are ways on knowing if something is true. First, a statement is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. Second, a statement or belief is true if it is based on facts. Third, a statement or belief is true if it can be proven through an action. Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs must be subjective to test to determine truth. 20/06/2025 24

25. Activity 2. Truth or Opinion Directions. Determine if the statement can be categorized as TRUTH or OPINION. Use the table below for organized categorization. 1. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School). 2. The K-12 Basic Education system entails another burden for Filipino students because it requires another two years to finish the basic education program. 3. Rodrigo Duterte, is a Filipino politician who is the 16th President of the Philippines. 20/06/2025 25

26. 4. Rodrigo Duterte is the most competent and the best president the Philippines has ever had. 5. It takes Rhian to travel for one hour from her house going to the school where she studies. 6. Living near the school where you are studying is better because you can save money for transportation and time for travel. 20/06/2025 26

27. Guide Questions: 1. What is your basis of categorizing the statements as truth or opinion? 20/06/2025 27

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35. 1. Appeal to A PERSON-Ad Hominem Ad hominem means “against the man,” and this type of fallacy is sometimes called  name calling  or the  personal attack  fallacy . This type of fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument. EXAMPLE Person 1: I promise to balance the budget in my first year as governor! Person 2: She promises to balance the budget, but she couldn’t be smart enough because she never ran a business. 20/06/2025 35

36. 2. APPEAL TO FORCE- argumentum ad baculum Appeal to force  (argumentum ad baculum, literally “argument from the stick”) A fallacy committed when an arguer appeals to force or to the threat of force to make someone accept a conclusion . (Sometimes made when rational argument has failed.) 20/06/2025 36

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38. 3. APPEAL TO EMOTION/PITY - argumentum ad misericordiam Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) A fallacy committed when the arguer attempts to evoke pity from the audience and tries to use that pity to make the audience accept the conclusion. For example, "You need to pass me in this course, since I'll lose my scholarship if you don't." 20/06/2025 38

39. 4. Appeal to Popularity argumentum ad numeram Using the popularity of a premise or proposition as evidence for its truthfulness.  This is a fallacy which is very difficult to spot because our “common sense” tells us that if something is popular, it must be good/true/valid , but this is not so, especially in a society where clever marketing, social and political weight, and money can buy popularity. 20/06/2025 39

40. 4. Appeal to Popularity argumentum ad numeram 20/06/2025 40

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42. 5. Appeal to tradition 20/06/2025 42

43. 6. Begging the question 20/06/2025 43

44. 7. Cause and effect FAULTY CAUSE AND EFFECT (post hoc, ergo propter hoc). This fallacy falsely assumes that one event causes another. Often a reader will mistake a time connection for a cause-effect connection. EXAMPLE: Every time I wash my car, it rains. 20/06/2025 44

45. 8. Fallacy of composition 20/06/2025 45

46. 9.Fallacy of division 20/06/2025 46

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48. 1. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS 20/06/2025 48

49. 2. CONFIRMATION BIAS 20/06/2025 49

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51. 3. FRAMING BIAS 20/06/2025 51

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53. 4. HINDSIGHT 20/06/2025 53

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55. 5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST 20/06/2025 55

56. 6. CULTURAL BIAS 20/06/2025 56

57. Activity 5. Reflection Time Directions. Write a 7-10 sentence reflection about the question below. How will knowing the truth help us become wiser and more discerning individual? 20/06/2025 57

58. Assessment Instructions: Identify the following. __________1. Its property can be described as the opposite of falsity. __________2. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something. __________3. Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful. __________4. A statement that needs to be examined further in order to establish the truthfulness or falsity of it. 20/06/2025 58

59. __________5. These are series of statements that provide reasons to convince others if the statement or belief is truth or opinion. __________6. Arguments that may be based on faulty reasoning is called ________. __________7. Kind of fallacy that attacks a person presenting the argument rather than the argument itself. __________8. A fallacy in reasoning known as “circular argument”. __________9. A fallacy that assumes that what is true of a part is true for the whole. __________10. A bias that focusses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspect. 20/06/2025 59

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