MODULE 1-renewable energy sources final.pptx

Renewable energy sources

1. MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION

2. CAUSES OF ENERGY SCARCITY Energy scarcity is a situation in which there is too little energy sources or fossil fuel derivatives 1)Overconsumption The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our natural resources There is a strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal due to overconsumption 2)Increasing Population Another cause is increase in world’s population and its demands for fuel and products. Unevenly distributed worldwide. Africa shares the largest population growth rate, followed by South Asia and then by Europe.

3. 3)Poor Infrastructure Aging infrastructure of power generating equipment is yet another reason for energy shortage Most of the energy producing firms keep on using outdated equipment that restricts the production of energy. It is the responsibility of utilities to keep on upgrading the infrastructure and set a high standard of performance. 4)Unexplored Renewable energy sources Renewable energy still remains unused in most of the countries. Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still remains the top choice to produce energy. Renewable energy sources can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

4. 5)Delay on Commissioning of Power Plants In few countries, there is a significant delay in commissioning of new power plants that can fill the gap between demand and supply of energy. The result is that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand for power. When supply doesn’t matches demand, it results in load shedding and breakdown. 6)Wastage of energy In most parts of the world, people do not realize the importance of conserving energy. It is only limited to books, internet, newspaper ads and seminars. Simple things like switching off fans and lights when not in use, using maximum daylight, walking instead of driving for short distances, using LED instead of traditional bulbs, proper insulation for leakage of energy can go a long way in saving energy.

5. 7) Major accidents and Natural calamities Major accidents like pipeline burst and natural calamities like floods, earthquakes can also cause interruptions to energy supplies. The huge gap between supply and demand of energy can raise the price of essential items. 8)Wars and Attacks Wars between countries can also hamper supply of energy specially if it happens in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar. That’s what happened during 1990 Gulf war when price of oil reached its peak causing global shortages and created major problem for energy consumers.

6. 9)Miscellaneous Factors Tax hikes, strikes, military coup, political events, severe hot summers or cold winters can cause sudden increase in demand of energy and can choke supply. A strike by unions in an oil producing firm can definitely cause an energy crisis.

7. SOLUTION TO ENERGY SCARCITY Minimizing population growth. Development of energy conversion techniques to convert basic energy available from energy reservoirs to usable form of energy. Keep the new energy system pollution free as far as possible, thereby environmentally acceptable to human beings. The development of cheap and reliable energy storage systems. Energy management.

8. FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 1)Energy or fuel substitution. No readily available energy resources that is large enough to substitute for fossil fuels. Solar energy is several orders of magnitude larger than any conceivable global energy demand. Practical conversion to electricity using photovoltaic is negligible.

9. 2. Energy density The amount of energy contained in a unit of energy resource is termed as energy density. Air-dry crop residue contain only 12-15 MJ/kg where as energy density of of a good quality coal is twice i.e 25-30MJ/kg. In order to obtain an equivalent output, replacement of a unit of fossil fuels with approximately 2kg of biomass will be needed to substitute solid biofuel. Ratio would be about 1.5 times when substituting plant-derived ethanol for petrol.

10. 3.Power Density Rate of energy production per unit of earth’s area and usually expressed in watts per square meters. Owing to lengthy period of formation, fossil fuel deposits are an extraordinary concentrated source of high quality energy. Commonly produced with power densities of 10 2 or 10 3 W/m 2 of coal and hence only small land areas are required to supply enormous energy flows. Biomass energy production has density below 1 W/m 2 Water and wind is below 10 W/m 2 Photovoltaic energy generation can deliver larger than 20 w/m 2

11. 4.Intermittency Growing demands for fuels, energy and electricity fluctuates daily and seasonally in modern civilisation. Base load which is defined as the minimum energy required meeting the demand of the day has been increasing. Easily storable high-energy density fossil fuels and thermal electricity generating stations with high load factors are capable of meeting these demands. Wind and direct solar radiation are intermittent and far from practicable and cannot deliver high load factors. The annual load factor of wind generation in countries with relatively large capacities are 20-25%. Storage of wind or solar generated electricity on large scale is lacking.

12. 5.Geographical Energy Distribution Uneven distribution of fossil fuels and non-fossil fuels. Cloudiness in the equatorial zone reduces direct solar radiation. There are very few sites with best potential for geothermal, tidal or ocean energy conversions.

13. 1.1 ENERGY RESOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION 1. Primary energy resources- directly derived from natural reserve. Ex: Chemical fuels, solar, wind, geothermal etc. 2. Secondary energy resources- usable forms of energy generated by means of suitable plants to convert the primary energy. Ex: Electrical energy, steam power, hydrogen energy etc.

14. Primary Energy Resources can be further classified as: 1 . Conventional or Non-Renewable Energy Resources Resources which are finite and do not get replenished after their consumption Energy stored within the earth and sea. Includes both fossil fuels( coal, oil and gas) and nuclear energy uranium and thorium) 2 . Non-Conventional or Renewable Energy Resources: Renewable energy is obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Continuously restored by nature. Solar, wind, water etc.

15. PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Availability of the energy in the immediate environment. Purpose of energy and end use. Environmental impact of the technology. Cost effective

16. ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development can be broadly defined as living, producing and consuming in a manner that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim of sustainable development is for the improvement to be achieved while maintaining the ecological processes on which life depends. The concept of sustainable development became widely accepted following the seminal report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987).

17. Reliable energy supply is essential in all economies for lighting, heating, communications, computers, industrial equipment, transport, etc. Purchases of energy account for 5–10% of gross national product in developed economies However, in some developing countries, energy imports may have cost over half the value of total exports; such economies are unsustainable and an economic challenge for sustainable development. R enewable energy supplies are much more compatible with sustainable development than are fossil and nuclear fuels, in regard to both resource limitations and environmental impact.

18. Consequently almost all national energy plans include four vital factors for improving or maintaining social benefit from energy: Increased Harnessing of Renewable Supplies 2. Increased Efficiency of Supply and e nd-use 3. Reduction in Pollution 4. Consideration of Lifestyle.

19. ENERGY PLANNING 1. Complete energy systems must be analyzed, and supply should not be considered separately from end-use. Precise needs for energy are too frequently forgotten, and supplies are not well matched to end-use. Energy losses and uneconomic operation therefore frequently result.

20. 2. System efficiency calculations must be precise and can pinpoint unnecessary losses ‘Efficiency’ can be defined as the ratio of the useful energy output from a process to the total energy input to that process. The total life cycle cost of the more efficient system will be much less than for the conventional, despite higher per unit capital costs, because ( i ) less generating capacity and fuel are needed (ii) less per unit emission costs are charged (iii) equipment (especially lamps) lasts longer

21. 3 )Energy management is always important to improve overall efficiency and reduce economic losses. No energy supply is free, and renewable supplies are usually more expensive in practice than might be assumed. Thus there is no excuse for wasting energy of any form unnecessarily. Efficiency with finite fuels reduces pollution, efficiency with renewables reduces capital costs.

22. FUNDAMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY The Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America and industrial development in all countries have profoundly affected social structures and patterns of living. The influence of changing and new energy sources has been the driving function for much of this change

23. 1.Dispersed Living Renewable energy arrives dispersed in the environment and is difficult and expensive to concentrate. By contrast finite energy sources are energy stores that are easily concentrated at source and expensive to disperse. Domestic populations have grown in response to the employment opportunities of industry and commerce. Electricity grids in such situations are powered by smaller-scale, with power flows moving intermittently in both directions according to local generation and local demand. Gradual acceptance of significant supplies of renewable energy could allow relief from the concentrated metropolises of excessive urbanization, yet would not require unacceptably low population densities. A further advantage is the increased security for a nation having its energy supplies from such indigenous and dispersed sources.

24. 2 . Pollution and Environmental Impact Harmful emissions can be classified as chemical, physical and biological. Such pollution from energy generation is increasing as a result of using fossil fuels and nuclear. In contrast, renewable energy is always extracted from flows of energy already compatible with the environment. The energy is then returned to the environment, so no thermal pollution can occur on anything but a small scale. Likewise material and chemical pollution in air, water and refuse tend to be minimal. An exception is air pollution from incomplete combustion of biomass or refuses Environmental pollution does occur if brown energy is used for the materials and manufacture of renewable energy devices, but this is small over the lifetime of the equipment

25. 3.Future The influence of modern science and technology ensures that there are considerable improvements to older technologies Subsequently standards of living can be expected to rise, especially in rural and previously less developed sectors. It is impossible to predict exactly the long-term effect of such changes in energy supply, but the sustainable nature of renewable energy should produce greater stability than has been the case with fossil fuels and nuclear power.

26. RENEWABLE ENERGY – WORLDWIDE RENEWABLE ENERGY AVAILABILITY About 16% of global final energy consumption from renewable with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. The share of renewable energy in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable energy.

27. a) Solar Energy Solar energy can be major source of power and can be harnessed by using thermal and photovoltaic systems. Maximum solar radiation received on Earth’s surface on bright sunny day at noon is approximately 1kW/m 2 , at sea level. Many solar photovoltaic stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of 2022,Bhadla Solar Park(Rajasthan) in India operates with a total capacity of around 2,245 MW is the largest.

28. b) Wind Energy The power available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated to be 1.6*10^7 MW which is more than the present energy requirement of the world. The installation cost of wind power is 4crore/MW. Fastest growing energy source. Electricity was generated from wind in 1999(25TWh). Eighty three countries around the world are using wind in commercial basis. The  Gansu Wind Farm in China  is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020

29. c)Biomass Energy Energy resources available from animal and vegetation are called biomass energy resources. The principal biomass resources are : trees, cultivated plants grown for energy ,algae and other vegetation from ocean and lake, urban waste, rural waste. With 740MW capacity, the Ironbridge power plant located in the Severn Gorge, UK, is the world's biggest biomass power plant

30. d)Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy comes from the natural heat of the earth primarily due to the decay of naturally radio active isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium. However its overall contribution in total energy requirement is negligible. The countries with the largest installed capacity were the USA, China, Sweden and Germany accounting for about 63% of installed capacity. The oldest geothermal power generator is located at Lordarello in Italy, Commissioned in 1904. The largest geothermal plant in the world is called the Geysers Geothermal Complex, located in the United States, with a capacity of 900 megawatts .

31. e)Ocean Tidal Energy Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Tides are more predictable than wind or solar power First and biggest 240MW tidal plant is built in 1966 in France at La Rance river A 20 MW tidal plant is located at Nova Scotia Canada and a 400kW capacity plant is located at Kislaya Guba, Russia on the Barents sea.

32. f )Ocean wave Energy Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work The potential for shoreline based power is about 50,000 MW. The world wide resource of wave energy has been estimated to be greater than 2TW.

33. g)Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion This technology is in starting stage. Their commercial prospects are quite uncertain Upto 88,000TWh/year of power could be generated from OTEC without effecting the ocean’s thermal structure.

34. Indian Energy Scenario India is one of the fastest growing country in Asia. The economic growth of a country is closely linked with the consumption of energy. Although India ranks 6 th in the world , but more energy is needed for the overall development of the country. Most of our energy needs are met through fossil fuel that is limited and petroleum fuel that leads to dependence on imports and energy security.

35. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA As of 31st August 2022, Renewable energy sources, including large hydropower, have a combined installed capacity of  163 GW . As of August 2021, India had deployed renewable energy to provide electricity in 8,846 remote villages, installed 4.4 million family biogas plants, 1800 micro-hydel units and 4.7 million square meters of solar water heating capacity.

36. a)Solar Energy: India receives solar energy equivalent to more than 5000 trillion kWh which is far more than its total annual consumption Though the energy density is low and availability is not continuous it has become possible to harness this abundantly available energy very reliably for many purposes. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy had launched a program on “Development of Solar cities” in February 2018. b)Wind Energy: This sector has been growing very fast in the last few years India currently stands 5 th in the world among countries having large installed capacity wind generators after china , USA, Germany and Spain. Current installed capacity for wind power stands at 23864.9MW mostly located in Tamil Nadu, Gujrat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan

37. c)Biomass Energy A large quantity of biomass is available in our country in the form of dry waste like agro residues ,fuel wood, twigs and wet wastes like cattle dung, organic effluents etc. Potential for generation of electric power is 25GW and the potential from urban waste is 1700MW. Also there is vast scope for bio diesel. d)Small Hydro resources Hydro resources of capacity less than 25MW are called small, less than 1MW are called mini and less than 100kW are called micro hydro resources. Total potential is 20GW out of which 4,130 MW has been realized.

38. e)Geothermal Energy Potential in geothermal resource in the country is 10,600 MW of electric power generation. Nearly 350 hot springs have been identified throughout the country. The surface temperature of hot springs varies from 35-98 degree Celsius. These springs are grouped into seven geothermal provinces i.e., Himalayan, Sahara valley, Cambay basin, West coast, Godavari basin, SONATA(Son-Narmada-Tapi) Lineament belt and Mahanadi belt. A 300kW demonstration project has been installed at Tattapani . Geothermal resource is being used mostly for heating purpose and very little has been developed and total installed capacity is 203 MW.

39. f )Ocean Tidal Energy: There is no tidal plant at present. The identified economic tidal power potential has been estimated as 8000-9000MW. Three sites have been identified for development of tidal energy. a)Gulf of Kutch b)Gulf of Cambay c)Sundarbans

40. BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy. The solar power when hits atmosphere is 10 17 W whereas the solar power on earths surface is 10 16 W The total world wide demand is 10 13 W.

41. 2)Wind Energy Winds are caused due to two main factors: Non polluting and no adverse effect on environment. Avoid fuel provision and transport.

42. Practically suitable and useful windmills are: First three are horizontal axis wind turbine and other 2 are vertical axis wind turbine.

43. Problems associated with wind energy Wind energy available is dilute and fluctuating in nature. Unlike water energy, wind energy needs storage means because of its irregularity. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation. Large areas are needed to install wind farms for electrical power generation.

44. Ocean Energy or Energy from ocean

45. Tidal Energy Ocean waves and tides contain a large amount of both potential and kinetic energy which can be utilized for power generation. A tide is the periodic rise and fall of sea water caused principally by the interaction of the gravitational fields of the sun and the moon. The highest level of tidal water is called flood tide or high tide and the low tide is called low or ebb tide. The level difference between high and low tide is called tidal range.The Up and down movement of the tide is used for filling and emptying of the tidal basin of the plant.

46. Geothermal Energy Energy that lies embedded within the earth. Earth has a molten core called magma. The steam and hot water comes naturally to the surface in some locations of the earth.

47. Biomass Energy All organic matter is known as biomass and the energy released from biomass when it is burnt or converter into fuel is called biomass energy. Biomass resources fall into three categories: Biomass in its traditional solid mass(wood and agricultural residue). Biomass in its non-traditional solid mass (converted into liquid fuel). Ferment the biomass anaerobically to obtain a gaseous fuel called biogas. Biomass Resource include the following: Concentrated waste-municipal solids, industrial waste Dispersed waste residue-Crop residue, disposed manure Harvested biomass, standby biomass, biomass energy plantation .

48. Biogas The main source for production of biogas is wet cow dung or wet livestock. In big cities sewage source is the main source for production of bio-gas. The sewage biogas is found to contain 84 percent Methane, is a high quality fuel. Methane can be used to run engines to drive electric generators.

49. OIL SHALE Oil S hale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that contains solid bituminous materials (called kerogen, which is an organic matter) that release petroleum-like liquids (shale oil or gas) when the rock is heated from which oil or gas can be extracted. All types of kerogen consist mainly of hydrocarbons, smaller amounts of sulphur , oxygen, and nitrogen, and a variety of minerals. They were formed millions of years ago by deposition of silt and organic debris on lake beds and sea bottoms . Heat and pressure then transformed the materials into oil shale.

50. Extraction of shale oil The important extraction processes of shale oil are as follows: 1. Ex situ retorting : Since the oil substances in oil shale are solid and cannot be pumped directly out of the ground, the following steps must be involved: (a) The oil shale must be mined and brought to ground surface. (b) The mined oil shale is then heated at a high temperature (a process called retorting). It involves heating kerogen in a process called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a form of heating without oxygen. At about 60°C–160°C, kerogen reaches its natural ‘oil window’, and at 120°C–225°C, kerogen reaches its natural ‘gas window’. (c) The resultant liquid must then be separated and collected.

51. 2)In situ retorting : An alternative method of extracting shale oil under experimental investigation is referred to as in situ retorting. During the in situ process, oil shale is not mined or crushed. Instead, the rock is heated to its oil window while it is still underground. It involves the following steps: a) Heating the oil shale while it is still underground (b) Pumping the resulting liquid to the surface 3)Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) : It involves injecting pressured water and chemicals into a well in order to break into underground reservoirs. Steam can be injected underground in order to heat up oils in the surrounding shale formation, which then seep into the well. Acids can also be injected in order to increase the permeability of rock surrounding the well.

52. 4)Volumetric heating : In this process, the rock is heated directly with an electric current. The heating element is injected either directly in a horizontal well or into a fractured area of the rock, until the oil shale begins producing shale oil. The oil could then be pumped directly from underground. 5)Combined Technologies : Some methods are designed for both in situ and ex situ extraction. The internal combustion process uses a combination of gas, steam, and spent shale produced by ex situ processing. These compounds are burned for pyrolysis. The hot gas is continually cycled through die oil shale, pyrolyzing the rock and releasing oil.

53. Classification of Oil Shales Depositional history : The depositional history of an oil shale includes the organisms and sediments that were deposited, as well as how those deposits interacted with pressure and heat. a)In lakes (lacustrine) : Oil shales from lacustrine environments are formed mostly from algae living in freshwater, saltwater, or brackish water. b)In the ocean (marine) : Oil shales from marine environments are formed mostly from deposits of algae and plankton. c) On land (terrestrial) : Oil shales from terrestrial environments are formed in shallow bogs and swamps with low amounts of oxygen.

54. By their mineral content a)Carbonate-rich shale : The deposits have high amounts of carbonate minerals. Carbonate minerals are made of a unique compound of carbon and oxygen. Calcite is a carbonate mineral common in carbonate-rich shales. Plankton, red algae, and sponges are also important sources of calcite. b)Siliceous shale : It is rich in the mineral silica or silicon dioxide. Siliceous shales are formed from organisms such as algae, sponges. Siliceous oil shale is sometimes not as hard as carbonate-rich shale and can more easily be mined. c )Cannel shale : It has terrestrial origins and is often classified as coal.It is formed from the remains of resin, spores, and corky materials from woody plants. Cannel shale is rich in hydrogen and burns easily.

55. Use of Shale Oil (Tight Oil) Shale oil was used for a variety of products including paraffin wax. It is burned to generate electricity. Shale oil is similar to petroleum and can be refined into many different substances including diesel fuel, gasoline, and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Companies can also refine shale oil to produce other commercial products such as ammonia and sulphur . The spent rock can be used in cement production.

56. Problems Associated with Shale Oil Production High processing costs : The high costs of heating and drilling wells made commercial oil shale production unprofitable, especially when the cheaper crude oil is available. Environmental concerns : Mining for oil shale can have damaging effects on the environment, such as the following: (a) When shale oil is combusted (heated), it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (b) Water containing toxic substances is unusable and expensive to decontaminate. (c) The ash by-product can pollute ground, air, and water sources. (d) Another environmental disadvantage is that extraction of shale oil requires enormous amounts of freshwater. Water is necessary for drilling, mining, refining, and generating power. (e) It causes land and underground water degradation.

57. INTERNET OF ENERGY Internet of Energy is a technological term that refers to the upgrading and automating of electricity infrastructures for energy producers and manufacturers. This allows energy production to move forward more efficiently and cleanly with the least amount of waste. The term is derived from the increasingly prominent market of Internet of Things (IoT) technology.  Benefits of using IOE include increased efficiencies, significant cost savings, and a reduction in the wastage of energy. By using IOE technology, manufacturers and producers can reduce inefficiencies in existing energy  infrastructure  by increasing generation, transmission, and use of electricity. Making updates to electric infrastructures allows an ease in flow of energy which can maximize its potential, therefore cutting down on any wastage of energy.  The Internet of Energy has numerous uses, and its utilization ranges from grid operators to commercial, residential, and industrial consumers. 

58. Suppose a catastrophic event, disrupts power generation and distribution networks. In these extreme cases, the IoE helps grid operators manage the grid in real-time to diagnose which lines need to be de-energized and reroute power along different power lines.  Daily, the Internet of Energy helps grid operators and the energy industry plan for and meet the energy demands of residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. Real-time monitoring shows where demand increases or diminishes, allowing energy generation to be adjusted accordingly.   For example, smart homes equipped with digital controls for lighting, heating, and appliances help homeowners control their energy consumption using a combination of voice commands, remotes, and switches, apps, or AI.