Module-13 Pests of rice and maize.copyrightpptx

Pest of rice and maize

1. Insect Pests of Rice and maize

2. Insect Pests of Rice

3. Rice Rice, is one from the three leading food crops in the world grown in more than 110 countries Rice directly supply more than 50% of all calories consumed by the entire human population. 1/5 th of the total world cropland under cereals The area under rice cultivation is154 million ha in world and 2.311 million ha in Pakistan. Rice is also important crop to millions of small farmers who grow it on millions of hectares. The production of rice is limited by various factors.

4. INSECT PESTS OF RICE Rice Leaf Folder ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) family Pyralidae and order Lepidoptera. Rice Hispa ( Dicladispa armigera ) (Olivier) family Chrysomelidae of Coleoptera . Striped Stem Borer of Rice ( Chilo supressalis ) family Pyralidae and order Lepidoptera.

5. White Stem Borer of Rice ( Scirpophaga innotata ) family Pyralidae and order Lepidoptera. Yellow Stem Borer of Rice ( Scirpophaga incertulas ) family Pyralidae of order Lepidoptera. White-Backed Plant hopper ( Sogatella furcifera ) family Delphacidae of order Homoptera . Brown Plant Hopper ( Nilaparvata lugens ) and belong to family Delphacidae and order Homoptera .

6. Rice Leaf Folder Introduction Scientific Name : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Family : Pyralidae Order : Lepidoptera This is an important sporadic pest of rice and distributed in all rice growing areas of Pakistan. It feeds on rice and wild grasses. It took pest status in 1980s in rice. This insect is also found in India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Philippines .

7. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ( Guenée ), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis tradition leaffolder pest in the lowland rice fields of Asia. But the discovery of Marasmia patnalis in 1981 has complicated the interpretation of past results. Marasmia patnalis has often been confused with Cnaphalocuocis medinalis in South and Southeast Asia. The individuals belonging to the two genera could be differentiated from each other by forewing venation. Cnaphalocrocis has R2 and R1 (veins 10 and 11) stalked, with R2 set close to the trunk of R3 and R4 (veins 8 and 9). Marasmia , on the other hand, has R2 and R1 free. These and other morphological as well as genitalial features are used to separate the leaffolder species. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Marasmia patnalis

8. Seasonal Distribution The distribution of leaffolders can be seasonal. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a long distance migrant into temperate China (including Taiwan) and Japan inasmuch as it does not overwinter in those areas. Every year the initial population migrates to these temperate countries from tropical regions. The insect migrates northward in the spring and southward in the fall, and undergoes a reproductive diapause at the onset of seasonal emigratory periods. In the Philippines, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis remains active year-round in irrigated multicropped rice areas, but disperses tens of kilometers to colonize the rainfed rice areas in the wet season. Long distance dispersal is unknown in the other leaffolders .

9. Identification of Insect Adult : Golden or yellow brown colour with 8-10 mm in length and 16-20 mm in wing expanse. Wings have 2-3 wavy lines with dark bands. Egg : Creamy white colored eggs with flat and oval shape are laid singly or in pairs on the leaves and leaf sheaths. Larva : light yellow or dull white with brown head but turn greenish when feed, it is 20-25 mm in length. Very active and moves quickly in folded leaf when disturbed.

10. Contd …. Larval instar : The larvae passes through 5 instars. Pupa : The colour of pupa is dark brown.

11. Identification of insect

12. Life History The life cycle of this insect is completed in 25-35 days, and number of generation per year are 4. It is active from July to October and optimum period is from September to October. Adult : Male lives for 32 days and female for 36 days. The moths are nocturnal and rest on the under- side of the leaves during day time.

13. Contd ….. Egg : Female lays 56 eggs on average, singly or grouped. They hatch in 3-4 days. Larva : The larval remains for 15-25 days. Pupa : Pupation takes place in the loose silken web in between the leaves or in the leaf sheath and lasts for 6-8 days.

14. Life cycle of Insect

15. Mode of Damage The larvae on emergence feed on tender leaves, the grown up larva fasten the longitudinal margins or edges of the leaves together with thread like stick The larvae feed by scraping the green mesophyll from within the folded leaves. This results in linear, pale white stripe damage to the leaf. First- and early second-instar larvae are gregarious and generally feed within the slightly folded basal regions of the young leaves in a tiller. Starting with the late second instar, when larvae regularly roll up leaves, they become solitary. Generally, only one larva per leaf roll is found; after feeding on one fold for about 2-3 d, it moves to another leaf. Thus, each larva destroys a number of leaves during its growth. Highly infested field show white streaks and scorches on the leaf, which can be recognized from a distance.

16. Contd …… A single larva may damage a number of leaves as it migrates from one leaf to another . Photosynthetic activity of leaf is affected . The plant become susceptible to fungal and bacterial infection .

17. Contd …… The maximum yield loss caused by leaffolders is reportedly due to feeding on the flag leaf . Unfortunately, N fertilizer, which generally contributes to the high yield of modern varieties, also enhances the nutritional status of the rice plant, leading to greater insect survival, reproduction, and feeding rates, which, in turn, lead to greater damage.

18. Damage of Rice Field by RLF

19. Control of Rice Leaf Folder ETL: 2 damaged leaves in August and 3 in September per plant. Overall 10% damaged leaves. Both chemical and non chemical control can be use to control the insect . Non Chemical control : Removal of grass weeds around rice field . Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizer in split applications is recommended Use light trap to reduce moth population . Trichogramma japonicum is an important egg parasite and has potential to reduce infestation up-to 60% .

20. Control More than 18,000 rice accessions from the germplasm collection of IRRI have been screened for resistance to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis . Nearly 115 were found resistant or moderately resistant. Selected rice varieties resistant to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis are also resistant to Marasmia patnalis . Different type of insecticides are used to control the insect . cartap ( Padan 95SP), 250 g /acre. triazophos ( Hostathion 40EC), 600 ml /acre. cyhalothrin (Karate 0.8ULV), 1000 ml /acre. chlorpyriphos ( Lorsban 40EC), 1000 ml /acre. isoprocarb ( Mipcin 50WP), 1 kg /acre.

21. White Stem Borer of Rice Scirpophaga innotata (Walker) Introduction Scientific Name : Scirpophaga innotata (Walker) ( Pyralidae ,Lepidoptera) Scirpophaga innotata , a tropical species, occurs in regions with distinct dry and wet seasons It is the major pest of rice and distributed in Sheikhupura , Gujranwala and Sialkot districts. Hosts : Rice and wild grasses.

22. Identification of Insect Adult : Moth is of slender shape with white colour and having orange anal tuft of hairs and black spot on each wing. In experiments at IRRI, field collected females of Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens mated manymtimes ; those of Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata mated only once. Egg : The eggs are creamy white in colour . The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata are laid near the tip of the leaf blade The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas , Scirpophaga innotata are covered with pale orange-brown hairs from the anal tufts of the female moths a) Scirpophaga incertulas b) Scirpophaga innotata ,

23. Identification of Insect Adult : Moth is of slender shape with white colour and having orange anal tuft of hairs and black spot on each wing. In experiments at IRRI, field collected females of Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens mated manymtimes ; those of Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata mated only once. Egg : The eggs are creamy white in colour . The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata are laid near the tip of the leaf blade The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas , Scirpophaga innotata , and R. albinella are covered with pale orange-brown hairs from the anal tufts of the female moths Larva : The colour of larva is pale or yellowish white. 1 may kill 6 plants before pupation Larval instar : 5 Pupa : Pupa is pale white enclosed in silken cocoon at the base of the plant.

24. Identification of Insect

25. Life History Its life cycle is almost completed in 40-65 days and 5-7 generation in a year, it remain active from April to November but optimum activity is in mid Aug to mid October, 4 th and 5 th generation cause more damage. Adult : 4-14 days Eggs : 4-9 days laid in clusters. Larva : 25-31 days Pupa : 7-11 days

26. Life Cycle of Insect

27. Life Cycle of Insect The hatching larvae are negatively geotropic and crawl upward toward the tip of the plants where they stay for only short periods. Some spin a silken thread, suspend themselves from it, and swing with the wind to land on other plants. Those that fall on water can swim because of an air layer around their body. Most of those remaining on the tip descend toward the base and crawl between the leaf sheath and stem. They congregate and enter the leaf sheath through a common hole bored by one of them. They then feed on the leaf sheath tissues for about a week, and then bore into the stem, mostly through the nodal regions at the point of attachment of the leaf sheath to the stem.

28. Mode of Damage Destructive pest of rice and may cause crop loss up-to 90%. Basmati varieties are more susceptible . After emergence, tiny larvae bore into the stem from growing points to downwards. When one tiller is killed the larva inside migrates to another tiller of the same or of different plant . At early crop stage “Dead Hearts” are produced and plants are killed altogether and while those attacked at later stage produce “White Ears”.

29. Damage Symptoms

30. Damage Symptoms Since the full-grown larvae of Scirpophaga spp., Rupela spp., and Maliarpha spp. tend to feed in the basal parts of the plants, all the larvae are usually left in the stubble after harvest. Overwintering Scirpophaga innotata larvae move into the roots and construct tunnels up to 10 cm deep. On return of optimum conditions, they pupate at the hibernation sites.

31. Control of Insect Pest ETL: 0.5% (Nursery) 8-10% (Crop) Non Chemical Control Destruction of eggs. Removal and destruction of stubbles decreases infestation to next crop. Ploughing and flooding of field can kill the larvae. Clipping of tips in nursery reduce its population. Use of light traps to kill the moths.

32. Contd …… Nursery should be sown after 20 th May. Transplanting should be completed by Aug. Eggs parasitoids should be used like Telenomus sp and Trichogramma sp.

33. Chemical Control carbofuran ( Furadan 3G), 14 kg/acre. diazinon ( Basudin 10G), 7-9 kg/acre. chlorpyriphos ( Lorsban 5G), 10kg/acre. cartap ( Padan 4 G), 10 kg /acre. carbosulfan (Advantage 5G), 8-12 kg /acre. isoprocarb ( Mipcin 50 WP), 1 kg/acre.

34. Yellow Stem Borer of Rice Introduction : Scientific name : Scirpophaga incertulas Family : Pyralidae Order : Lepidoptera It is most destructive pest of rice Widely distributed in Kallar tract i.e Sheikhupura , Gujranwala and Sialkot district. It also feed on grasses.

35. Scirpophaga incertulas Scirpophaga incertulas moths usually emerge between 1900 and 2100 h During the day, Chilo suppressalis hides among the grasses while Scirpophaga incertulas and R. albinella remain in nurseries or rice fields

36. Scirpophaga incertulas Scirpophaga incertulas females oviposit between 1900 and 2200 h in summer and 1800 and 2000 h in spring and autumn. The moths deposit only one egg mass per night and oviposition occurs up to five nights after emergence . Oviposition usually takes10-35 min. The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas , Scirpophaga innotata , and R. albinella are covered with pale orange-brown hairs from the anal tufts of the female moths

37. Identification of Insect Adult : Straw colored insect with brownish well scattered dots, 5 black patches along sub-marginal area and 8-9 black dots near the tip. Fore wings are orange yellow . The size of insect is 25-45 mm. Female is bigger than male and has a centrally situated black spot on each of the fore wings. Egg : Eggs are oval, flattened and creamy white when freshly laid and then turn black. Although Scirpophaga incertulas eggs show some development at 13 °C, hatching normally occurs at 16 °C or higher

38. Identification of Insect Larvae : General body col is ivory to greenish; full grown larva is pale or yellowish white or with greenish tinge; head capsule orange yellow, worm like tapering posteriorly from the first abdominal segment; head smaller than other body; avergae size 20-25mm, width 3mm. I makes an exit hole and pupate within the larval tunnel usually at the base of the plant in a white silken cocoon.

39. Contd….. The hatching larvae are negatively geotropic and crawl upward toward the tip of the plants where they stay for only short periods. Some spin a silken thread, suspend themselves from it, and swing with the wind to land on other plants. Those that fall on water can swim because of an air layer around their body. Most of those remaining on the tip descend toward the base and crawl between the leaf sheath and stem. They congregate and enter the leaf sheath through a common hole bored by one of them. They then feed on the leaf sheath tissues for about a week, and then bore into the stem, mostly through the nodal regions at the point of attachment of the leaf sheath to the stem.

40. Contd ….. Larval Instar : 4 Diapause can be either hibernation (overwintering in temperate climates) or aestivation (dry season dormancy in the tropics). Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata hibernate or aestivate. Depending on the site, Scirpophaga incertulas is more prone to diapause than Scirpophaga innotata , particularly in the tropics

41. Contd….. The optimum egg hatching temperature is 21-33 °C for Chilo suppressalis and 24-29 °C for Scirpophaga incertulas . Both species require 90-100% RH; hatching is severely reduced below 70% RH. The,eggs usually hatch during daytime. In Chilo suppressalis , maxim hatching is from 0500 to 0600 h, followed by another peak from 1400 to 1600 h. Larvae emerged from a large egg mass of Chilo suppressalis in about 13 min, but those from a small egg mass lacked synchronization and took longer.

42. Identification

43. Life Cycle The life cycle completed in 31-46 days. This insect remain active from April to October It hibernates in rice stubbles from November to March. Its period of optimum activity is Aug to mid October. 4 to 5 generations are completed in a years. 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th generation cause maximum damage.

44. Contd …… Adult : Adult life span is of 5-7 days. Egg : Female lay 50-150 eggs in 2-5 cluster and eggs hatch in 6-7 days. Underside young leaves 1-3 inches away from leaf tip, touching the midrubs Larva : It passes 6 stages and full fed in 16-27 days. Pupa : Pupal stage remain for 9-12 days. General body color pale-white to yellow white, tinged green, wing rudiments of female pupa with dark central mark Female pupa: length14.5-18mm. Width 2.5-3.00mm Male pupa: length 11.5-15mm,width 2-2.5mm Cocoon of pupa is larger than size of pupa: 18-20mm

45. Mode of Damage Destructive pest of rice and may cause crop loss up-to 90%. Basmati varieties are more susceptible. After emergence, tiny larvae bore into the stem from growing points to downwards. When one tiller is killed the larva inside migrates to another tiller of the same or of different plant. At early crop stage “Dead Hearts” are produced and plants are killed altogether and while those attacked at later stage produce “White Ears”.

46. Life Cycle and Mode of Damage

47. Control of Insect Pest ETL: 0.5% (Nursery) 8-10% (Crop) Non Chemical Control Destruction of eggs. Removal and destruction of stubbles decreases infestation to next crop. Ploughing and flooding of field can kill the larvae. Clipping of tips in nursery reduce its population. Use of light traps to kill the moths.

48. Control of Insect Pest Resistant varieties Differences in nonpreference for oviposition of Scirpophaga incertulas are not distinct in screenhouse tests. But larvae feeding on resistant varieties were smaller, had low survival, and caused lower percentages of deadhearts than those feeding on susceptible varieties.

49. Since the eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas are laid near the tip of the leaf blade, the widespread practice of clipping the seedlings before transplanting greatly reduces the carryover of eggs from the seedbed to the transplanted fields. However, this control method has merit only if,older seedlings are transplanted.

50. Contd …… In Pakistan, the planting date has been regulated by releasing canal water only after the first brood Scirpophaga incertulas moths have emerged. Nursery should be sown after 20 th May. This late-planted crop is far less infested than fields planted early with private irrigation systems. The early planted fields, however, minimize the full impact of late planting on the stem borer population. Transplanting should be completed by Aug. Eggs parasitoids should be used like Telenomus sp and Trichogramma sp.

51. Chemical Control carbofuran ( Furadan 3G), 14 kg/acre. diazinon ( Basudin 10G), 7-9 kg/acre. chlorpyriphos ( Lorsban 5G), 10kg/acre. cartap ( Padan 4 G), 10 kg /acre. carbosulfan (Advantage 5G), 8-12 kg /acre. isoprocarb ( Mipcin 50 WP), 1 kg/acre.

52. Insect pest of Maize

53. Insect pest of Maize

54. Insect pest of Maize Maize is the most widely distributed crop of the world. In Pakistan maize is third important cereal after wheat and rice. Maize accounts for 4.8% of the total cropped area and 3.5% of the value of agricultural output. As regards to area and production, it is planted on an estimated area of 0.9 million hectare with an annual production of 1.3 million tons in Pakistan.

55. Different insect pest decrease the yield of maize like, beetles, cutworms, borers, grass hoppers, aphids, armyworm, thrips and shoot fly. Among these insect pests maize shoot fly and maize stem borers are most important. These insect pests can be controlled by adopting both chemical and non chemical methods in suitable manners.

56. Maize Stem Borer Introduction : It is most destructive pest of maize and sorghum crops, it is distributed in all over maize cultivated field in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. It is also found on sugarcane, Bajra , Baru and Sudan grasses. Scientific Name : Chilo partellus Family : Pyralidae Order : Lepidoptera

57. Identification Adult : Moths are yellowish grey and 25 mm in length when wings are expand . Fore wing are straw colored with double row of black spot near outer margin . Hind wing are smoky . Egg : Eggs are whitish when laid later change to orange and then black before hatching . They are flat , oval and scale like in shape .

58. Contd ……. Larva : Larva is dirty greyish white with black head, and four longitudinal stripes present on back of larvae . The larva is 20-25 mm long . Pupa : Pupa is cylindrical, brownish yellow and later on turns to reddish brown .

59. Identification

60. Life cycle of insect Adult : This stage lasts for 2-12 days, moths are active at night. Egg : A female lays more than 300 eggs in overlapping clusters (20 eggs/cluster). Eggs hatch in 4-5 days in summer. Larva : Larva is full fed in 14-28 days and passes through 6 stages . Pupa : larva pupate inside stem by making hole. The pupal stage lasts for 5-10 days .

61. Life Cycle

62. Damage of Insect It is a serious pest of maize and about 25-40 % of young plants are destroyed. In severe infestation up to 90% plants have been found damaged. Newly hatched caterpillar start feeding on leaves leaving behind holes. Larva tunnels in the stem and kill the central shoot.

63. Contd ….. The infested plants shows the symptoms of “Dead hearts”. At tasseling stage the borers destroy the tassel by feeding on them. The pest enter the ear from its base and makes the tunnel in center of cob. The larva feeds on grain as well.

64. Damage of Insect

65. Control of Insect pest Non chemical control : Destroy the stubbles of maize, weeds and alternate host plant. Removal and destruction of dead hearts. Ploughing up the infested fields can suppress pest attack. Use light traps to kill moths. Collect and destroy egg clusters. Using the Trichogramma sp. along with Apanteles sp. or Microbracon sp. provide effective control.

66. Chemical control deltamethrin ( Decis 2.5EC), 200 ml/acre. triazophos ( Hostathion 40EC), 600 ml/acre. carbofuran ( Furadan / Sunfuran 3G), 8-10 kg/acre. furathiocarb ( Promet 400CS), 40 ml/kg seed. carbosulfan (Advantage 25ST), 30-40 g/kg of seed. Spray the crop 2-3 weeks after sowing or when its damage is seen on the leaves.

67. Maize/Sorghum Shoot Fly Introduction : It is a serious pest of maize. Widely distributed in all maize cultivated field. It also feed on wheat and other small grain grasses. Scientific Name : Atherigona soccata Family : Muscidae Order : Diptera

68. Identification Adult : Female is pale grey with yellowish abdomen Male is smaller than female. Egg : Eggs are opaque white. Larva : Yellowish Brown when full grown. Pupa : Pale white but change to brown.

69. Identification

70. Life Cycle There are 4 generation of this insect in a year . The active period of this insect is from February to October . The inactive period is from November to January . The optimum period is January and February on wheat and April to August on Maize .

71. Contd …… Adult : Adult male 8-10 days and female 13-15 days, but it may be 5 days in severe conditions. Total life span of male is 20-22 and female 26-32 days. Egg : Female lay 25-40 eggs singly . Larva : This stage occupies 6-9 days . Pupa : Pupal stage remain for 5-7 days.

72. Mode of Damage Larvae enter the central shoot and start to feed on it. This central shoot later dries up as Dead heart. It is serious pest especially on summer sown crop. It attacks on 3-4 days old plant as a result deformed, twisted and dead hearted plant produce

73. Life cycle and damage

74. Control of Insect Pest Non chemical control : Use higher seed rate. Removal and destruction of attacked plant on the appearance of dead hearts. Sowing of resistance varieties. Early sowing of crop can prevent from the attack of this insect.

75. Chemical Control furathiocarb ( Promet 400CS), 40 ml/kg seed. imidacloprid ( Fencidor / Confidor ), 5-7 g/kg seed. carbofuron 3G ,10kg/acre. malathion 57 EC , 750 ml/acre. Seed treatment can protect crop from attack of insect for 2 weeks.