module 3-evm-diploma in ECE-SEMESTER 1.pptx

EVM NOTES

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION An undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and soil that harmfully affects the life or create potential health hazard of living organism

2. POLLUTION Effect of undesirable change in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings. Occurs on making short term economic gains @ long-term ecological benefits for humanity.

3. POLLUTANTS Degradable/non-persistent pollutants. Slowly-degradable/persistent pollutants.

4. AIR POLLUTION “Presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere in such a quantity and of such duration as is or tends to be injurious to human health, animals, plant properties and unreasonably interfering with enjoyment of life/property”.

5. Control Measures of Air pollution Dilution of particulates & gases Using air pollution control devices Controlling gaseous pollutants SOx Control technique NOx control techniques Raw material changes Cleaner air through better Laws End-of-pipe solutions Mobile sources New Combustion Technologies Use FBC Technology

6. WATER POLLUTION Any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality which makes water unsuitable for desired uses

7. Ground Water Pollution Sources Leak of hazardous organic chemicals. Seepage of hazardous organic heavy metals Accidental leak into aquifers from wells Control methods Banning of virtual disposal Monitoring of aquifers Testing of well water once in a year Establishment of national standards

8. Water Pollution Control Source Reduction Eliminate lead from gasoline Usage of 90% less Rood De-icing Salt Careful handling of petroleum and oil products Banning use of DDT and PCBs Modification of manufacturing processes Recycling and reclaiming of discarded materials Separating of valuable materials Control non-point pollution Recycling of waste oil Prevention of erosion from construction sites

9. SOIL POLLUTION Presence of human-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment

10. Causes of Soil Pollution Industrial wastes Ignorance towards soil management & related systems Unfavorable & harmful irrigation process Improper septic system-management-maintenance Leakage from sanitary sewage Acid rains Fuel leakage Unhealthy waste management techniques

11. Effects of Soil Pollution Decreases soil fertility Loss of soil & natural nutrients Disturbance in balance of flora & fauna Increases salinity of soil Growth & flourishing of crops Creation of toxic dust Foul smell Alteration in soil structure

12. MARINE POLLUTION Harmful effects due entry of chemical particles, industrial, agricultural, residential waste, noise or spread of invasive organisms to ocean.

13. Pathways of marine pollution Direct discharge Land Runoff Ship pollution Atmospheric pollution Acidification Deep sea mining Eutrophication - increase in chemical nutrients (typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus) in ecosystem. Noise Pollution

14. NOISE POLLUTION Pollution that distracts, irritates or damages sounds that are freely audible. Sources Transportation noise ( Primary cause) Health related work noise Entertainment noise

15. Effects of noise pollution On Human Health physiological & psychological health Hypertension High stress levels Hearing loss Sleep disturbances Other harmful effects Human Behavioral Chronic exposure -hearing loss High noise leve l – cardiovascular effects On environmental - animals(death, louder communication, imbalance in detection & avoidance)

16. Removal & Control of Noise Removing roadway noise- noise barriers, speed limiters, alteration of surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, traffic controls Aircraft noise-Designing quieter jet engines Redesign of industrial equipment Physical barriers

17. THERMAL POLLUTION Degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature.

18. Effects of thermal pollution Burning of woods Water from heat engine sinks Electrical generating stations Sources of thermal pollution Direct thermal shock Change in dissolved O2 content Redistribution of organisms On reproductive systems

19. Controlling Thermal Pollution Industrial Waste water Cooling ponds Cooling towers Cogeneration

20. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Polite term for garbage management A system for handling all of this garbage; municipal waste collection , as are recycling programs, dumps and incinerators

21. Methods of disposal Integrated waste management Plasma gasification Landfill Incineration Recycling Ship breaking

22. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES Agricultural wastes Vegetable & Fruit processing industries Animal wastes Aquatic wastes Community wastes Industrial wastes Construction material wastes

23. URBAN WASTE Domestic + Industrial waste = Urban waste Causes of Urban waste(Domestic) Fly ash Garbage, plastic, glasses, metallic cans, fibres and abandoned vehicles Textile, dyes, soap, synthetic detergents, rubber, pulpe, cottage & small scale industries Pathogenic organisms excreted by humans Effect – increases health problems-vector borne/ food/borne diseases

24. Urban waste(Industrial) Produced by industrial activity Hazardous or toxic waste – manufacturing or other industrial processes Non-hazardous wastes

25. Control Measures Source Reduction Recycling Disposal

26. E-WASTE Electronic waste/ e-waste/ Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE) – loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete or broken electrical or electronic devices. All secondary computers, entertainment electronic devices, mobile phones, television sets, refrigerators whether sold, donated or discarded by original owners. Re- usables and secondary scrap for residue or material which was represented as working or repairable but which is dumped/ disposed/ discarded by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations.

27. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA(MSWM) Method of improvement Prohibit littering Collecting biodegradable & non – biodegradable from door-steps Street sweeping Abolition of open waste storage depots Transportation of wastes on daily basis Treatment of biodegradable waste Minimization of waste

28. PLASTIC WASTE Wastes created by the disposal or throwing out of the containers & favorite products made up of plastic after its usage. Negative effects arises due to leaching of chemicals from these plastics into the environment. 12% of municipal waste, 60-80% waste in water, 90% of floating waste in water, marine plastic wastes arises from these plastic wastes. These plastic wastes breakdown and produces toxins that harms the environment, animal & the public in general. The effects can be reduced only by recycling them & reducing their usage.

29. Prevention of Pollution Those activities that reduce the amount of pollution generated by a process, whether it is consumer consumption, driving or industrial production. This activity increases the efficiency of the process thereby reducing the pollution generated, enhances cleaner production methodologies and programs that prevents pollution.

30. Benefits of Pollution Prevention Saves material cost & supply costs Reduces the waste disposal fees & treatment costs. Introduces efficient work practices Reduces liabilities Nullifies the expensive clean up processes. Diminishes the demand for on-site waste storage space. Eliminates or reduces the need for periodic monitoring & reporting process. Reduces waste, cost, hazardous chemicals, spills & accidental releases. Enhances safe & cleaner work environment, productivity, public relation, production at low cost than the competitors.

31. ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTING POLLUTION Where do the things that I consume come from? What do I know about the place where I live? How I am connected to the Earth & other living beings? What is my purpose and responsibility as a human being?

32. DISASTER MANAGEMENT A systematic work that involves different regions, professions, scientific fields & an important measure for human, society & nature’s sustainable development. Procedures of Disaster Management Pre-disaster planning, preparedness and monitoring. Prediction & early warning Damage assessment & relief management

33. Tasks of Disaster Management To minimize the potential risks. Preparing & implementing developmental plans to provide resilience Mobilization of resources such as tele -medicinal services & communication Rehabilitation & post-disaster reduction.

34. FLOODS An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. Causes of Flood Excessive rainfall in river catchments or river carrying flows in excess of their capacities. Backing of water in tributaries at their confluence with main river. Synchronization of flood peaks of main rivers & tributaries. Intense rainfall during full flowing river’s state. Poor natural drainage. Landslides leading to obstruction & change in river’s flow & course. Cyclone & very intense rainfall.

35. Types of Flood RIVERINE FLOOD Slow kinds: Due to runoff of sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of river’s channel. Causes: Heavy rains from monsoon, hurricanes, tropical depressions, foreign winds, warm rain affecting snow pack. Fast kinds: Flash floods resulting due to convective precipitation. Causes: Sudden release from an upstream impoundment situated behind a dam, landslide , glacier, etc.

36. ESTUARINE FLOOD Caused due to combined effect of sea tidal surges & storm-force winds. Storms are caused mainly from a tropical cyclone or an extra tropical cyclone. COASTAL FLOOD Caused due to severe sea storms or due to hazards like tsunami or hurricane. Storms are caused mainly from a tropical cyclone or an extra tropical cyclone CATASTROPHIC FLOOD Caused due to significant/ unexpected events like dam breakage or as a result of earthquake or volcanic eruption.

37. MUDDY FLOOD Caused due to run off on crop land. These are detected when it reaches the inhabited areas. These type of floods are a hill-slope process and it should not be confused with mudflows. OTHER FLOODS Due to accumulation of water in an impermeable surface. Due to series of storms moving over the same area. Due to damage of dam-building beavers it may flood the low-lying urban & rural areas.

38. EARTHQUAKE Consequence of sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. This seismicity / seismic activity depends on the frequency, type, size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Moment magnitude of 3 or lower earthquakes are imperceptible and with magnitude 7 causes damage over large areas. Presently the intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. Earthquakes at the surface sometimes displaces the ground, at offshore it may lead to displacement of seabed leading to disasters like tsunami. Earthquakes may also trigger landslides and volcanic activities vocationally.

39. Richter Scale A local magnitude (M L ) scale that assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. A base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement from zero on a particular type of seismometer.

40. Seismograph It records ground movements caused by earthquakes, explosions or other Earth-shaking phenomena. It measures the ground oscillations by recording the relative motion between a pendulum & the ground. Besides recording the natural earthquakes, it also records small-scale seismic disturbances caused due to mining, induced earthquakes & nuclear testing. The device that measures earthquake is known as seismometer & that records it is known as seismograph.

41. Cyclone An area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. Characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth. Large-scale cyclonic circulations – cold-core polar cyclones & extratropical cyclones Intermediate size cyclones – Subtropical cyclones Smaller mesoscale /Warm-core cyclones – tropical cyclones, mesocyclones & polar lows. Cyclogenesis defines the process of cyclone formation & intensification.

42. Extratropical Cyclones Forms when waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts ( baroclinic zones) to form weather fronts. These weather fronts separates two masses of air of different densities, temperature or humidity. These weather fronts creates strong cold fronts & generally move from west to east. The warm fronts formed at the preceding stage results in stratform precipitation & fog. The occluded front formed at the end of cyclone life cycle wraps the storm center.

43. Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclogenesis describes the development of tropical cyclones. Formed due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity and are usually warm core. There transition usually takes place between extratropical , subtropical & tropical phases at appropriate conditions.

44. Mesocyclones Forms when the warm core cyclones over land and which may lead to formation of tornado. Waterspouts may also lead to the formation of these type of cyclones. Environments of high instability & low vertical wind shear too leads to the creation of these type of cyclones.

45. Landslides/Landslips Geological phenomenon in which a wide range of ground movement is included such as rock falls, deep failures of slopes shallow debris flows(occurs at coastal & onshore environments). Triggered by several factors other than the primary factor (action of gravity). The pre conditional factors usually builds up specific sub-surface conditions which leads to the failure of the area/slope.

46. Tsunami A series of water waves caused due to displacement of large volume of body of water. Potential factors that generates/ causes tsunami:- earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, mass movements, other disturbances above or below water. Effects of Tsunami; Destroys/ drowns lives & loved ones. Wash away properties & drowns pets. Loss of food, clothes, shelter, etc.

47. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Assessment of the possible positive & negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment together with the natural, social & economic aspects. This ensures that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with the project. The International Association for Impact Assessment(IAIA) defined it as “ The process of identifying, predicting, evaluating &mitigating the biophysical, social & other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made”. The scope of EIA should not be limited on the direct effects rather it should possess a broader relationship so that direct, indirect effects & species conservation will be considered & the alternative with least amount of impact should be identified & recommended to be implemented.

48. Objectives of EIA Predict environmental impact of projects Find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts Shape projects to suit local environment Present the predictions & options to the decision makers. Methods of Practicing EIA Industrial Products Genetically modified plants Fuzzy Arithmetic

49. Industrial Products Product environmental life C ycle Analysis (LCA) identifies & measures the impact of industrial products on the environment. It considers factors such as; extraction of the raw material needed, Auxiliary materials & equipments needed, Disposal of the product & by-products. Genetically Modified Plants Assess the EIA of genetically modified plants such as GMP-RAM, INOVA, etc.

50. Fuzzy Arithmetic Specifies the parameters & variables needed to estimate the impact on environment. Since many of the impacts can’t be measured on scale, we need to collect information similar to them which may be inaccurate and through fuzzy logic approach (systematic, fuzzy arithmetic & appropriate reasoning methods). Finally an EIA audit which evaluates the actual impact to that which was predicted. The main aim of EIA audit – Scientific (checks the accuracy of the predictions & explain the errors) & Management ( A ssess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts).

51. SANITATION Hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazardous wastes(physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease). Basic Sanitation – Management of human feces at household level. On-site Sanitation – Collection & treatment of waste is done at its place of deposition itself. Food Sanitation – Hygienic measures for ensuring food safety. Environmental Sanitation – Control of environmental factors that form links for disease transmission.