Module-5-Environmental-Awareness-and-Protection.pdf

This presentation talks about the current situation of our environment in our community. The effects of environmental in our health and community.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
AND PROTECTION
1
st
Semester 2022-2023

2. OVERVIEW
EnvironmentEducationisaprocesswhichisveryusefultohumanbeings
inordertomanagewelltheirenvironmentandinstilltherightbehaviorthat
servesaskeytosustainabledevelopment.
Thismodulediscussesthecurrentenvironmentalsituationinthe
Philippines.Itdescribestheenvironmentalpressuresbroughtaboutbya
rapidlyincreasingFilipinopopulation.Asyourealizethestressfuleffectsof
people’senvironment,wehopethatyouwillalsorealizethatenvironmental
degradationhasbecomeamajorsocialconcern.Likewise,wehopethatsuch
realizationwillhelpyoutobemoreawareofourresponsibilitiesin
protectingandenhancingthePhilippineenvironment.Andthatwithsuch
newawareness,istheemergenceofanotherFilipinoyouthwhoiscommitted
totakeanactivestewardshiprolein“savingthepresentforthefuture.”

3. LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
Attheendofthismodularunit,studentsareexpectedto:
1)Understandandverbalizeconceptsandprinciplesofenvironmental
education;
2)ValuetheimportanceofEnvironmentEducationasawayofdeveloping
theyouthtobegoodcitizens;and
3)Awarenessonecologicalsolidmanagementandidentitytheeffectof
climatechangeandairpollution.

4. BASIC CONCEPTS AND LAWS GOVERNING
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
EnvironmentalEducation;
➢organizedeffortstoteachabouthownaturalenvironmentsfunction
➢howhumanbeingscanmanagetheirbehaviorandecosystemsinordertolive
sustainably
➢usedtoimplyeducationwithintheschoolsystem,fromprimarytopost-secondary
➢sometimesusedmorebroadlytoincludealleffortstoeducatethepublicandother
audiences,includingprintmaterials,websites,mediacampaigns,etc.
➢islearningprocessthatincreasespeople’sknowledgeandawarenessaboutthe
environmentandassociatedchallenges,developsthenecessaryskillsandexpertise
toaddressthechallenges,andfostersattitudes,motivations,andcommitmentsto
makeinformeddecisionsandtakeresponsibleaction(UNESCO,Tbilisi
Declaration,1978).

5. IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT
EDUCATION
1.Allmajornaturalresourcesinthecountryareingravedangerofirreparabledamage.
2.Asocietycannotsurviveifitsnaturalresourcesarerenderedunfitforusebyitspeople.
3.Theonlyhopeofsalvagingthisgravesituationisbymakingtheyoungawarethattheyneedto
proactivelybegintoprotecttheenvironmenttheywillinherit.
4.Scienceandtechnologycanhelpinalimitedwaybutcannotdeliverit.
5.Itismoralandethicaleducationforchangingpeople’sattitude.
6.Toprotectchildrenlivinginpollutedregions,environmentaleducationrepresentsarelevantmeans
ofprevention.
7.Itisaneedofthetimetoproposeenvironmentaleducationdeliveredwithmoralconcept.
8.Itisconceivedtosustainparticipationofthecitizensespeciallytheyouthparticularlyincombating
illeffectsofclimatechange.

6. RELATED LAWS IN PROMOTING
ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

7. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512
Anacttopromoteenvironmentalawarenessthroughenvironmentaleducationandforother
purposes
ThisActisknownasthe“NationalEnvironmentalAwarenessandEducationActof
2008”.
Specifically,Sec.2.DeclarationofPolicystatesthat:
ConsistentwiththepolicyoftheStatetoprotectandadvancetherightofthepeopletoa
balancedandhealthfulecologyinaccordwiththerhythmandharmonyofnature,andin
recognitionofthevitalroleoftheyouthinnationbuildingandtheroleofeducationtofoster
patriotismandnationalism,acceleratesocialprogress,andpromotetotalhumanliberationand
development,thestateshallpromotenationalawarenessontheroleofnaturalresourcesin
economicgrowthandtheimportanceofenvironmentalconservationandecologicalbalance
towardssustainednationaldevelopment.

8. REPUBLIC ACT 9003: JANUARY 26, 2001
Thisisanactprovidingforanecologicalsolidwaste
managementprogram,creatingthenecessaryinstitutional
mechanismsandincentives,declaringcertainactsprohibited
andprovidingpenalties,appropriatingfundsthereof,andfor
otherpurposes.

9. REPUBLIC ACT 9275: MARCH 22, 2004
Anactprovidingforacomprehensivewaterquality
managementandforotherpurposes
SECTION2.DeclarationofPolicy.–Thestateshallpursuea
policyofeconomicgrowthinamannerconsistentwiththe
protection,preservationandrevivalofthequalityofourfresh,
brackishandmarinewaters.

10. REPUBLIC ACT 8749: JUNE 23, 1999
“PhilippinesCleanAirActof1999”anactprovidingfora
comprehensiveairpollutioncontrolpolicyandforotherpurposes.
REPUBLIC ACT 9147
Anactprovidingfortheconservationandprotectionofwildlife
resourcesandtheirhabitats,appropriatingfundsthereforandfor
otherpurposes.

11. REPUBLIC ACT 9175
Anactregulatingtheownership,possession,sale,importation
anduseofchainsaws,penalizingviolationsthereofandforother
purposes.
CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 33
SERIES OF 2009
Subject:IntegrationofEnvironmentalEducationintheTertiary
EducationCurriculumparticularlytheCivicWelfareTraining
ServiceComponentoftheNationalServiceTrainingProgram.

12. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.Biodegradable.Anymaterialthatcanbebrokendownbynaturally
occurringorganismssuchasbacteriaandfungiinair,waterandsoil
2.Composting.Biologicaldegradationundercontrolledconditions
3.DomesticWaste.Refusefromhouseholds,asdistinguishedfrom
industrialwaste,hospitalwaste,etc,whichmaybeclassifiedasa
biodegradableornon-biodegradable
4.FoodMaterials.Includescertainkindofseeds,pulp,peelings,
pickles,sweetsorsnacks
5.HazardousWaste.Specialtypesofwastecontainingthechemical
biologicalandradioactiveelementswhichareharmfultohuman
health

13. DEFINITION OF TERMS
6.Incineration.Thecontrolledprocessbywhichcombustiblematerialsare
burnedandchangedintogasesandresiduesthatcontainlittleorno
combustiblematerials
7.Non-biodegradable.Anymaterialthatcannotbedegradedordecomposedby
naturallyoccurringorganismssuchasbacteriaandfungiinair,waterandsoil
8.Putrescible.Asubstancethatdecomposesatcertaintemperatureincontact
withairandmoisture;generallycontainingnitrogen
9.Recycling.There-use,retrieval,recommissionofelement/matterforanyand
allpurposesnecessarytohealthfulandproductiveliving;theprocessby
whichwastematerialsaretransformedintonewproductsinsuchamanner
thattheoriginalproductsmaylosetheiridentity
10.SolidWaste.Includeanythingthrownawaysuchasgarbage,rubbish,trash,
litter,junkandrefuseofanysource

14. THE SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES

15. Thekeytounderstandingtheenvironmentalproblemsthatwe
encountertodayistolearnaboutourecosystem.Thissection
highlightsthebasicenvironmentalprinciples,variedtypesof
ecosystem,currentenvironmentalissues,anthropogenicactivities
thatthreatentheenvironmentandtheroleofyouthinprotecting
ourenvironment.

16. 1.Natureknowsbest.
2.Allformsoflifeareimportant.
3.Everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.
4.Everythingchanges.
5.Everythingmustgosomewhere
6.Ourisafiniteearth.
7.NatureisbeautifulandwearestewardsofGod’screation.
THE SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES

17. CLIMATE CHANGE

18. WHATISCLIMATECHANGE?
ClimateChangeisanychangeinclimateovertimewhether
duetonaturalprocessesorasaresultofhumanactivity.
Itisachangeofclimatewhichisattributeddirectlyor
indirectlytohumanactivitythataltersthecompositionofthe
globalatmosphereandwhichis,inadditiontonaturalclimate
variability,observedovercomparabletimeperiods(United
NationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange).

19. HOWDOESITOCCUR?
TheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
(IPCC,4AR2007)concludesthatclimatechangeisalreadyoccurringandthatfurther
accelerationwillresultinatwo(2)degreesincreaseinglobaltemperatureandofextreme
weatherconditions.
ClimateChangeiscausedbytheincreasingvolumeofGreenhouseGases(GHG)in
theatmosphere.Greenhousegasesaregasesthatabsorbandre-emitinfraredradiation,
warmingtheearth’ssurfaceandcontributingtoclimatechange(UNEP1988).These
gasesarewatervapor,methane,carbondioxide,nitrousoxide,ozone,
hydrofluorocarbon,perfluorocarbon,andsulfurhexafluoride.Whenthesegases
increaseinvolume,moresolarheatwillbetrappedresultingtoawarmeratmospheric
condition.Thisphenomenonisknownasthe“greenhouseeffect”.Globalwarmingis
theincreaseintheaveragetemperatureoftheearth’snear-surfaceairandoceansthatis
associatedwiththeincreasedconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.

20. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE OR GLOBAL
WARMING?
ThewarmingoftheEarth’satmosphereresultsinthemeltingofsnow
coversandglaciers,theriseofsealevel,shorterwinters,earlysprings,hotter
summersanddelayedcomingofautumns,alteredforestproductivityand
composition,habitatshiftsofsomeanimals,changesinthebehaviorpatterns
offloraandfauna,spreadofdiseases,strongerandmorefrequenttyphoons,
morefloods,severedroughts,strongerheatwavesandheavierrainsand
more.

22. WHAT CAN BE DONE LOCALLY?
Thefollowingcanbedone:
1.Reducethesourcesofgreenhousegasemissionsorenhancetheirsinkor
capture(Mitigation).
2.Moderatetheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeandexploititsbeneficial
opportunities(Adaptation).
3.Supportorjoinawarenessraisingofpeopleinyourlocality/community
aboutclimatechange.
4.Carryoutconcretedisasterprevention,mitigationandmanagement
activities(CapacityBuilding).
5.Suggestoradvocatetheintegrationofclimatechangemitigationand
adaptationintoorganization/institutionalplanstomainstreamthis
consciousness.

23. WHAT CAN BE DONE LOCALLY?
6.Lobbyforand/orsupportclimatechangeresponsivepoliciesand
ordinances(PolicyDevelopment).
7.Synergizeeffortswithotherenlightenedindividualorgroupstakeholders.
Toreducevulnerabilitytoclimatechangehazardsandrisks,Adaptation,
RisksReduction,DevelopmentPlanningandHumanitarianActionneedto
cometogether.
8.Developastableresourcemobilizationmechanismorsystemtoensureand
facilitatetheflowoffinancialandtechnicalsupporttolocalimplementers.
Withoutanadequateandsustainablefinancialandtechnicalbacking,plans
willremaingoodonlyinwriting.

25. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

26. ECOLOGICAL SOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT
Muchhadbeenwrittenabouttheworseningproblemofsolidwaste
especiallyinurbancentersinthecountry.
BasedonstudiesmadebytheNationalSolidWasteManagement
CommissionSecretariatbasedattheEnvironmentalManagementBureau
(EMB),itisestimatedthatthepercapitawasteproductiondailyis0.5kg.
Thismeansthatforeverypersonlivinginthemetropolis,heorshe
generateshalfakiloofwasteaday.Withanestimatedpopulationof10.5
million,totalwastegeneratedinMetroManilaalonecouldrunupto5,250
metrictonsperday;or162,750metrictonspermonth;or1.95million
metrictonsperyear.Definitely,that’salotofwastetospeakof.

27. ECOLOGICAL SOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT
Onlyabout73%ofthe5,250metrictonsofwastegenerated
dailyarecollectedbydumptruckshiredbyourrespectivelocal
governmentunits.ThatisassumingourLGUsarefaithfultotheir
dutiestous,taxpayers.Theremaining27%ofourdailywasteor
about1,417.5metrictonsendupincanals,vacantspaces,street
corners,marketplaces,riversandotherplaceswhere,ironically,
there’sasignthatreads“huwagmagtaponngbasuradittoang
mahuli,bugbogsarado!”.

28. ECOLOGICAL SOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT
Whiletherewerealreadyeffortsinthepasttoaddressthe
problemhead-on,thepassageofRepublicAct(R.A.)No.9003,
otherwiseknownasthe“EcologicalSolidWasteManagement
Actof2000”,markedtheturningpointinthenational
developmentagendaforimprovedsolidwastemanagementand
resourceconversation.

29. WHATISR.ANO.9003?
❑Impropersolidwastedisposalisprobablythemostimportantenvironmentalconcern
facinglocalgovernments(Laplante2003).
❑ThefirstbillthatthenPhilippinePresidentGloriaMacapagal-Arroyosignedintolawin
2001wasRepublicActNo.9003(RA9003)ortheEcologicalSolidWasteManagement
(ECOSWAM)Actwhichrequiresmunicipalitiestodisposeofwasteinasanitaryand
environmentallyfriendlymanner.
❑Itprovidesthelegalframeworkforthecountry’ssystematic,comprehensiveand
ecologicalsolidwastemanagementprogramthatshallensureprotectionofpublichealth
andtheenvironment.
❑Itunderscores,amongotherthings,theneedtocreatethenecessaryinstitutional
mechanismsandincentives,aswellasimposespenaltiesforactsinviolationofanyofits
provisions.
❑TheimplementingrulesandregulationsofR.A.No.9003arecontainedinDENR
AdministrativeOrderNo.2001–34.

30. WHATARETHESALIENTFEATURESOFR.A.NO.9003?
a)CreationoftheNationalSolidWasteManagementCommission
(NSWMC),theNationalEcologyCenter(NEC)andtheSolidWaste
ManagementBoardineveryprovince,CityandMunicipalityinthe
country.TheNSWMCshallberesponsibleintheformulationofthe
NationalSolidWasteManagementFrameworkandotherpolicieson
solidwaste,inoverseeingtheimplementationofsolidwaste
managementplansandthemanagementofthesolidwastemanagement
fund.TheNEC,ontheotherhand,shallberesponsibleforconsulting,
information,trainingandnetworkingservicesrelativetothe
implementationofR.A.No.9003.TheSolidWasteManagementBoard
ofprovinces,cities,andmunicipalitiesshallberesponsibleforthe
developmentoftheirrespectivesolidwastemanagementplans.

31. WHATARETHESALIENTFEATURESOFR.A.NO.9003?
b)FormulationoftheNationalSolidWasteManagementFramework;10
yearssolidwastemanagementplansbylocalgovernmentunitsconsistent
withtheNationalSolidWasteManagementFramework;
c)Mandatorysegregationofsolidwastetobeconductedprimarilyatthe
sourcesuchashousehold,institutional,industrial,commercialand
agriculturalsources;
d)Settingofminimumrequirementstoensuresystematiccollectionand
transportofwastesandtheproperprotectionofthehealthofgarbage
collectors;
e)Establishmentofreclamationprogramsandbuy-backcentersfor
recyclableandtoxicmaterials;
f)Promotionofeco-labelinginlocalproductsandservices;

32. WHATARETHESALIENTFEATURESOFR.A.NO.9003?
g)Prohibitiononnon-environmentallyacceptableproductsandpackaging;
h)EstablishmentofMaterialsRecoveryFacilityineverybarangayor
clusterofbarangays;
i)Prohibitionagainsttheuseofopendumps;
j)Settingofguidelines/criteriafortheestablishmentofcontrolleddumps
andsanitarylandfills;
k)Provisionofrewards,incentivesbothfiscalandnon-fiscal,financial
assistance,grantsandtheliketoencourageLGUsandthegeneralpublic
toundertakeneffectivesolidwastemanagement;and
l)Promotionofresearchonsolidwastemanagementandenvironmental
educationintheformalandnon-formalsectors.

33. HOWCANWEHELPSOLVETHESOLIDWASTEPROBLEM?
Therearemanywaystodoit.Ahighlyrecommendedformulaisto
adoptthe3RsofEcologicalwasteManagement:REDUCE,REUSE,and
RECYCLE.
Inadditiontothat,letusrefrainfromdoingwhathavebeen
prohibitedunderthelaw,toincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing:
a)Littering,throwing,dumpingofwastematerialsinpublicplaceslike
roads,sidewalks,canals,esteros,parksandestablishments;
b)Openburningofsolidwaste;
c)Allowingthecollectionofnon-segregatedorunsortedwaste;
d)Squattinginopendumpsandlandfills;

34. HOWCANWEHELPSOLVETHESOLIDWASTEPROBLEM?
e)Opendumpingorburyingofbiodegradableandnon-biodegradable
materialsinflood-proneareas;
f)Unauthorizedremovalofrecyclablematerialintendedforcollectionby
authorizedpersons;
g)Mixingofsource-separatedrecyclablematerialwithothersolidwastein
anyvehicle,box,containerorreceptacleusedinsolidwastecollection
ordisposal;
h)Manufacture,distributionoruseofnon-environmentallyacceptable
packagingmaterials;
i)Establishmentoroperationofopendumps;and
j)Importationofcustomerproductspackagedinnon-environmentally
acceptablematerials.

35. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES
TABLE 1. SOURCES AND TYPE OF SOLID WASTE
Source Facility Type of Waste
Domestic
Single family dwelling, multi-
family dwelling, low, medium and
high-rise apartments
Food, paper, packaging, glass,
metals, ashes, bulky household
waste, hazardous household waste
Commercial
Shops, restaurants, markets, office
buildings, hotels and motels,
institutions
Food, paper, packaging, glass,
metals, ashes, bulky household
waste, hazardous household waste
Industrial
Fabrication, light and heavy
manufacturing refineries, chemical
plants, mining, power generation
Industrial process waste, metals,
lumbers, plastic, oils, hazardous
waste
Construction and Demolition
Solid, concrete, timber, steel,
plastic, glass, vegetation
Agricultural Waste Pesticides, farm wastes

36. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES
TABLE 2. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE
General Composition Typical Composition Detailed Composition
Organic
Food putrescible Food, vegetables
Paper and cardboard Paper, cardboard
Plastic
Polyethelyneterephitalate(PETE)
High-density Polyethelyne(HDPE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
Plypropelene(PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Other multi-player plastics
Clothing/ Fabric Textiles, carpets, rubber leather
Yard waste Garden trimmings
Wood Wood
Inorganic
Metals
Tin cans, ferrous metals, aluminum, non-
ferrous metals
Glass Colorless, colored
Dirt, ash, etc. Dirt screening, ashes, stone, bricks
Unclassified Bulky items

37. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES
TABLE 3. REFUSE MATERIALS BY KINDS, COMPOSITIONS AND SOURCES
Kind Composition Sources
Garbage
Waste from preparation, cooking and serving of
food, market wastes from handling, storage and
sale of produce
Households, restaurants, institutions, stores and
markets
Rubbish
Combustible: paper, cartons, boxes, wood tree
branches, yard trimmings, wood, furniture,
beddings
Households, restaurants, institutions, stores and
markets
Non-combustible: metals, tin cans, metal
furniture, dirt glass minerals
Ashes
Residue from fires used for cooking and
heating and from on-site incineration
Households, restaurants, institutions, stores and
markets
Street refuse
Sweeping, dirt leaves, catch basin dirt, contents
of litter receptacles
Streets, sidewalks, alleys
Dead animals Cats, dogs, horses, cows Streets, sidewalks, alleys
Industrial waste
Food processing waste, boiler house, cinders,
lumber scraps, metal scraps, shavings
Factories, power plants
Construction waste Scrap lumber, pipe, construction materialsNew construction, remodeling

38. HAZARDOUS WASTES
Thesearesolidwastesoracombinationofsolidwastewhich
identifyconcentrationorphysical,chemicalorinfectious
characteristicsmaydothefollowing:
1.Causeorsignificantlycontributetotheincreaseinmortalityor
anincreaseinseriousirreversibleorincapacitatingreversible
illness;and
2.Causeasubstantialpresentorpotentialhazardtohumanhealth
ortheenvironmentwhenimproperlytreated,storedr
transported.

39. HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT
Acomprehensiveandintegratedmanagementoftoxicsubstancesand
hazardouswasteswhichadherestothewastemanagementhierarchyof
sourcereduction,recycling,treatmentandsafedisposalfortheprotectionof
personnel,environmentandproperty.
FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
1.Ignitable-the substance causes or enhances fires
2.Corrosive-the substance destroys tissues or metals
3.Reactive-the substance reacts with others and may explode
4.Toxic-the substance is a danger to health, water food and air

40. THE THREE MAIN GOALS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1.Protection of the Environment
2.Improvement of Public Health
3.Conservation of Energy
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ISWM)
Itistheselectionofcombinationof
techniques,technologiesandmanagement
programstoachievewastemanagement
objectives.
Source Reduction and
Minimization
Recycling and Reuse
Transformation
Landfill
Hierarchy of ISWM

41. ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT
ZeroWasteManagementisanecologicalmethodofhandling
wastesthatdoesnotdegradetheenvironmentnorpolluteair,
water,soilandfacilitatetheirsanitaryretrieval,reuseorrecycling.
Thisisoneofthemostfriendly,economicaltoolsofcontributing
ecologicalwelfareforhumanbeingsandthecommunity.

42. ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT
Modernwastereductionconsistsofthree(3)
componentsnamely:
1.REUSE.Meansre-utilizationofmaterialsfor
particularpurpose.
2.REDUCE.Theprocessoflesseningthefreshraw
materialsthataffectsair,waterandlandpollution
throughproperwastedisposal.
3.RECYCLING.Involvesprocessingused,unwanted
materials(waste)intonewproductstopreventwaste
ofpotentiallyusefulmaterials.

43. AIR POLLUTION AWARENESS AND
PREVENTION

44. Thissectiondiscussesthenature,types,sourcesandeffectsof
airpollution.
Itgivesthegeneralstatusofairpollutioninthecountry,and
summarizesthesalientfeaturesoftheCleanAirActandsuggests
waysbywhichtopreventpollution.
Stationarysourcesofpollutantsarefactories,crematorium,
incinerations,powerplants,garbagedumps,andconstruction
sites.Theseemitparticulates,nitrates,sulfuroxidesandammonia.
Theycontribute88%ofthetotalairbornesulfuroxidesand68%of
nitrogenoxides.

45. Accumulationintheatmosphereofgasesfromindustrial
solventssuchasnitrousoxidesandcarbontetrachlorideand
carbondioxidefromburningoffossilfuelsanddeforestationhave
possibleeffectsonclimateandhumanhealth.
Anthropogenicsourcesofairpollutionhavebeenincreasing
vehiclesthatplytheroadofMetroManilaaresmokebelchers.
Amongthedifferentairpollutants,6“criteria”pollutantssuch
asozone,carbonmonoxide,lead,sulfuroxides,nitrogenoxides
andparticulatesdetermineairqualitystandards.

46. Ozoneisthemajoringredientinsmog.Inthestratosphereit
occursnaturallyandactsasafilteringmechanismfortheharmful
ultravioletraysfromthesunbutintheloweratmosphere
comprisewhatmainlyweseeasgreysmogsuspendedonair.
Ozoneisformedbyaseriesofcomplexreactionsinvolving
nitrogenoxides,volatileorganiccompoundsandsunlight.Smog
orgroundlevelozonemaycauselunginflammation,decreased
abilitytobreatheandsusceptibilitytorespiratorydiseasessuchas
pneumonia,bronchitis,fibrosisandprematurelungaging.
Childrenaresusceptibletoozoneexposure.

47. Carbonmonoxideisatoxic,odorless,colorlessgasproducedduring
fossilfuelorbiomassburning.Carbonmonoxideexposurecanblock
oxygentothebrainandcausepoorconcentration,fatigueanddeath.
Leadisoneofthemosttoxicsubstances.
Sulfuroxidesaregasesformedbycombustion.Industriesandelectric
powerplantsaccountfor88%ofsulfurdioxideemissionstotaling88,458
tonsin1990,causingbronchitisandimpairmentofpreliminaryfunctions.
Theyarealsoactiveingredientsintheformationofacidrain.
Nitrogenoxidesaregasesproducesfromhightemperaturecombustion
intheair.Itcancauserespiratoryailmentslikeasthmaandeyeirritation.
Theyarealsoanactiveingredientintheformationofsmog.

48. Nitrogenoxidesaregasesproducesfromhightemperaturecombustion
intheair.Itcancauserespiratoryailmentslikeasthmaandeyeirritation.
Theyarealsoanactiveingredientintheformationofsmog.
Particulates(alsocalledsoots)areminute,microscopicparticles
suspendedintheair.Theyrangeinsizefrom10tolessthan2.5microns
diameter(onemicronisroughlyequivalentto1/70thewidthofhumanhair.)
AnnualaverageTSP(totalsuspendedparticulates)concentrationsinMetro
Manilaare5xhigherthantheWorldHealthOrganizationAirQuality
guidelines.Theycanenterthebloodstreamorbecometrappedinthelung
tissue.Continuousseverediseaseslikepneumonia,bronchitis,asthma,
emphysemaandcardiovasculardiseases.

49. Airpollutionisthepresenceofsubstancesintheairinamounts
harmfultohumans,otheranimalsand/orplants.Thereareover
100identifiedairpollutants.
Themaincategoriesofpollutantsare:
1.Particulatesareveryfinesolids,collectivelyreferredtoastotal
suspendedparticulates(TSP);
2.Carbonmonoxideandoxidesofnitrogenandsulfur;
3.Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs);and
4.Ozone.

50. SOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTION
1.MOBILESOURCES.3.9millionvehiclesareregisteredinthewhole
country.Around80%usegasolineand30%usediesel.Onlyasmall
percentageofFilipinosowncars,20%inMetroManila.Theresttake
publictransportation.
2.STATIONARYSOURCES.Stationarysourcesthataccountformostof
theairpollutionareemissionsfrompowerplants,cementplantsandoil
refineries.

51. EFFECTSOFAIRPOLLUTIONFROMFOSSILFUELS
Sulfurandnitrogenoxides,particulatematterandsootirritatethe
mucousmembranesoftherespiratorysystem.Ifirritationisprolonged,it
canleadtorespiratorydisease–persistentcough,emphysema,asthma,and
otherallergies,andworst,cancer.Carbonmonoxideishazardousbecauseit
bondsstronglywithhemoglobinoftheblood,replacingoxygen.Asaresult,
thetissuesandorgansofthebodyaredeprivedofthevitalgas,oxygen.
Ozonecausesarangeofacuteeffectsincludingeyes,noseandthroat
irritation.Italsoimpairsrespiratoryfunctions.Ozoneisahighlyoxidizing
gasthatcausesdamagetomaterialssodosulfuricandnitricacidfrom
sulfurandnitrogenoxide,respectively.

52. EFFECTSOFAIRPOLLUTIONFROMFOSSILFUELS
ThePhilippinesisasignatorytotheUnitedNationsConventionon
ClimateChangeandhasratifiedtheKyotoProtocol.Underthelatter,all
signatorycountriesarecommittedtoexertalleffortstolowertheir
greenhousegasemissions.TheProtocolinvokesaspecialcommitment
fromdevelopedcountriestoreducetheiremissionsto5%lessthantheir
1990levelsbetween2008and2012.TheProtocolwillgointoeffectwhen
itisratifiedby55countrieswhichshouldincludedevelopedcountries
responsiblefor55%oftheemissionsworldwide.

53. EFFECTSOFAIRPOLLUTIONFROMFOSSILFUELS
Anotherclassofsubstancesthatmustberegulatediswhatiscollectively
knownaschlorofluorocarbons(CFCs).CFCsareunreactiveformattresses,
Styrofoamandinsulation.
Agroupofsubstancesthatarecommoninoureverydaylivesbutare
extremelytoxicareknownaspersistentorganicpollutants(POPs).Theseare
eitherhuman-madesubstancesorproductsofcombustionorotherprocesses
undergonebyhuman-madeproducts.
Radioactivityisthemostlethalformofpollutionbecauseitcanbereadily
destroycellsandtissues.Nomorenuclearradiationshouldbeintroducedinto
ourenvironmentinadditiontothatwhichnaturallyoccursinthebackground
environment.

54. THE CLEAN AIR ACT
1.Principleswhichstatetheover-allmandateoftheState
2.RecognitionofrightsofcitizenswhichtheStateshallguarantee
3.ThenoteworthyfeaturesoftheAirQualityManagementSystemsarethe
provisionsregardingairshieldsandnon-attainmentareas.
4.TheActgivesaninitiallistofhazardousairpollutantsandguidelinesfor
ambientairquality.
5.Prohibitionandregulationofothersubstances
a.Ozone-depletingsubstances.ConsistentwhichtheMontrealProtocolof
whichthePhilippinesisasignatory.ODSshallbephasedout.
b.FluorinatedGreenhouseGasesidentifiedinKyotoProtocoltotheUnited
NationsFrameworkonClimateChange.

55. THE CLEAN AIR ACT
c.FrameworkconventiononClimateChange,theDENRshallprepareaplanto
reducegreenhousegasemissions.
d.PersistentOrganicPollutants.TheDENRshallprepareaninventoryofPOPsin
theCountryandaprogramforeliminationofthesesubstances.
e.RadioactiveSubstances.ThePhilippineNuclearResearchInstitute,DENRand
relatedagenciesshallregulateallprojectsthatinvolvesreleaseofradioactive
substances.
f.PollutionfromSmoking.Smokinginanyenclosedpublicspaceincludingpublic
vehiclesandprivatespacesoutsideofone’sresidenceisstrictlyprohibited.This
probationshallbeimplementedbytheLGU.
g.LeadedGasoline.Themanufacture,importation,sale,disposalofleadedgasoline
andenginesandcomponentsrequiringleaded-gasolineisprohibited.

56. ENVIRONMENTAL
CAMPAIGN
AWARENESS
SUBMISSION:
NOV.28, 2022
RUBRICS

57. THANK YOU!!! ☺☺☺