MODULE 5 LESSON 1 data collection in research practical research

data collection

1. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 MODULE 5 Data Collection, Presentation, and Analysis

2. MODULE 5 LESSON 1: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS LESSON 2: DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION LESSON 3: USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA

3. objective Know the different data collection instruments

4. Data collection Data collection is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in writing your data analysis and interpretation.

5. Data collection Which data to collect? How to collect the data? Who will collect the data? When to collect the data?

6. Steps in developing instrument Be clear with your research question. Plan how you will conduct the data collection. Use appropriate research instruments. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data. Present your findings.

7. Check all that seem helpful in answering your research questions. You may choose more than one.

8. QUESTIONNAIRE Consists of indicators aligned with the research questions STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE

9. Advantages of Using Questionnaire 1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants. 2. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since their identity can be made anonymous.

10. Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire 1. The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants. 2. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses. 3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on time. 4. Some questionnaires will be lost. 5. The answers from participants may lack depth.

11. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 1. Choose the method of administering the questionnaire. a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the emotions, behavior, and non-verbal cues of the participants b. Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need not to be taken

12. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts. a. Personal information. This section which contains background information of the participants. (Names are optional) b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators. c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that might be needed. (This applied only for quantitative research)

13. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 3. Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with specific research questions or objectives. 4. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering the questionnaire.

14. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 5. Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some items in the questionnaire. 6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.

15. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple terms. 8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the questions. a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all) c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never) d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good, poor) Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five- point Likert scale)

16. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary. 10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive questions. 11. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.

17. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires. 13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected respondents.

18. Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection 14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the questionnaire. 15. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them and archive them digitally.

19. Tests used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing some characteristics. STANDARDIZED TESTS NON-STANDARDIZED TESTS

20. Types of Test Questions 1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from memory (e.g. fill- in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)

21. Types of Test Questions 2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)

22. Types of Test Questions 3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing tests and other performance- based tests.

23. INTERVIEW A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data.

24. INTERVIEW

25. OBSERVATION observe the actual event or phenomenon. It has greater flexibility in the observation method. However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon.

26. OBSERVATION observe the actual event or phenomenon. It has greater flexibility in the observation method. However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon. CONTROLLED OBSERVATION NATURAL OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

27. GUIDELINES IN CONDUCTING OBSERVATION : BEFORE •Clarify the research objectives. •Be ready with observation checklist. •Determine your time of observation and collection technique. •Record only relevant information. •Prepare consent form for human observation.

28. GUIDELINES IN CONDUCTING OBSERVATION : DURING Make sure to note the date, time, and place where the observation is conducted. •Limit the person who will observe. •Explain the purpose of the observation to participants if applicable. •Avoid causing disruptions while observing. •Make sure to guarantee anonymity of paticipants . •Make use of multiple recording schemes such as taking notes, videos, audios, and photos but with proper ethical considertions .

29. ROLES DURING PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

30. ROLES DURING PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: soccer game

31. Ethical considerations in data collection INFORMED CONSENT FORM is a document that provides the participants with the information they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in your study. The informed consent form must be accomplished before gathering data from the participants. This document must be signed both by the researcher and the participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual conduct of the data collection process.

32. Ethical considerations in data collection

33. Ethical considerations in data collection

34. Ethical considerations in data collection

35. Ethical considerations in data collection

36. Ethical considerations in data collection

37. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance purposes? Ans: X

38. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? How regularly do you go to malls in a week? Ans: X

39. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for dating? Ans: 

40. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men and women? Ans: X

41. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made between men and women? Ans: 

42. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class participation among Grade 7 students? Ans: X

43. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel exposure? Ans: X

44. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among public school teachers? Ans: X

45. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis? Ans: X

46. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID_19 pandemic affects a person, a family, a school, or a community? Ans: X

47. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”? Ans: X

48. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? How does your family view your gender crisis? Ans: X

49. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? What does your school or community do to educate you about the COVID-19 pandemic crisis? Ans: X

50. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or community after the enhanced community quarantine was lifted? Ans: X

51. Activity 3: Quantitative or Not? Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president? Ans: X

52. Activity 4: Observe Me! A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication. Ans: C. Participant as observer

53. Activity 4: Observe Me! Pilots watching their monitors for airplane movements and locations. Ans: B. observer as participant

54. Activity 4: Observe Me! A biology teacher recording the daily data on bacteria growth at the Bio laboratory. Ans: A. complete observer

55. Activity 4: Observe Me! A guidance counselor watching a friend's reaction to her barkada’s confession. Ans: C. participant as observer

56. Activity 4: Observe Me! An adviser watching her students work during independent work time. Ans: B. observer as participant

57. Activity 4: Observe Me! An online tutorial company manager observing the conversation of the interviewer and the applicant to determine the quality of their performance. Ans: B. observer as participant

58. Activity 4: Observe Me! A principal observing a math teacher gives a lesson to her class to evaluate her performance as an educator. Ans: B. observer as participant

59. Activity 4: Observe Me! A parent is watching her children interact with other children on the playground. Ans: C. participant as observer

60. Activity 4: Observe Me! An actress is watching her movie premier unfold on the big screen. Ans: C. participant as observer

61. Activity 4: Observe Me! A group of Grade 12 students went to BFAR to perform certain duties as what the workers are doing. Ans: C. participant as observer

62. THANK YOU AND SEE YOU SOON!