Module_5-Processors and sockets.18213704.ppt

microprocessors study for engineers

1. PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 -Processors

2. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Module 5 -Processors
Overview
◊ItisasinglechipCPU.
◊Itisanelectroniccomponentintegratedwiththousandsandmillionsof
transistorsforperformingarithmeticandlogicoperations.
◊ThefirstprocessorunderAdvancedTechnologyis80286.80386,
80486andtheotherPentiumprocessors.
LessonCoveredinthisModule
◊Microprocessors
◊AdvancedProcessors
◊Choosing,Installingandtroubleshootingaprocessor

3. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Lesson 1 -Microprocessors
Introduction
◊AsinglechipCPUiscalledasMicroprocessor
◊TheCPUismadeoftwounitsnamelytheArithmeticandLogic
UnitandtheControlUnit
◊Itperformsfunctionslikeexecutingtheinstructionsgivenby
theuserprogram,controllingtheI/Ooperationsandthe
functionsofperipheraldevices

4. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Lesson 1 -Microprocessors
TopicsCoveredinthisLesson
◊Microprocessors
◊LogicGates
◊NumberSystems
◊SystemBus
◊8085Microprocessor
◊8086Microprocessor
◊8088Microprocessor
◊SupportChipsusedin8088

5. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 1 –Microprocessor
◊TheArithmeticandLogicUnit(ALU)isusedforperforming
Arithmeticandlogicoperations
◊TheArithmeticoperationsareaddition,subtraction,
multiplicationanddivision.
◊Thelogicoperationsaretakingdecisionbasedonsame
conditions.
◊BlockdiagramofMicroprocessor

6. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 2 –Logic Gates
ANDGate
◊ANDgateisalogicgate
whichproducesanoutput
“1”ifboththeinputsare
“1”.
ORGate
◊TheoutputofORgateis
logic1ifanyoneofits
inputislogic1.

7. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 2 –Logic Gates
NOTgateorInverter
◊Iftheinputislogic1the
outputis0andviceversa.
XORGate
◊TheoutputofXORgateis
oneifoneinputis
complementoftheother.

8. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 2 –Logic Gates
◊NANDgate
◊Theoutputislogic1ifatleastoneinputislogic0.
◊TheRegisterunitisusedtostoredata.
◊Thecontrolunitcontrolsoperationslikegeneratingthe
controlsignalsforreading,andwritingdatatomemoryorI/O
devices.

9. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Number Systems
Thedifferentnumberssystemsinuseare
◊DecimalNumberSystemwhichhasnumbersintherange0to
9
◊OctalNumberSystemwhichhasthenumbersinthe0to7
◊BinaryNumberSystemwhichhasthenumbers0and1
◊HexadecimalNumberSystemwhichhasthenumbersinthe
range0to9andAtoF

10. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Number Systems
DecimaltoBinaryConversion
◊Forexample:(29)
10convertedtobinary
29/2=14remainder1
14/2=7remainder0
7/2=3remainder1
3/2=1remainder1
1/2=0remainder1
◊(Decimal)27=Binary(11101)
2
BinarytoDecimalConversion
Forexample:(11101)
2
Binarynumber(11101)2=(Decimal)16+8+4+0+1=29
1 1 1 0 1
1*2
4
=161*2
3
=81*2
2
=40*2
1
=01*2
0
=1*1=1

11. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Number Systems
HexadecimalNumberSystem
Thehexadecimalnumbersare0to9andAtoF.
Continued….
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
1 01
0000 0000
2 02 0000 0010
3 03 0000 0011
4 04 0000 0100
5 05 0000 0101
6 06 0000 0110
7 07 0000 0111

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Topic 3 -Number Systems
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
8 08 0000 1000
9 09 0000 1001
10 0A 0000 1010
11 0B 0000 1011
12 0C 0000 1100
13 0D 0000 1101
14 0E 0000 1110
15 0F 0000 1111

13. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Number Systems
HexadecimaltoBinaryconversion
◊(1A)
16=(00011010)
2
◊Thebinaryvaluefor1is0001
◊ThebinaryvalueforAis1010
BinarytoHexadecimalConversion
◊Thebinarynumber(00011010)2
◊(0001)
2is1;(1010)
2isA
◊Thehexadecimalvalueisthus(1A)
16

14. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Number Systems
HexadecimaltoDecimalNumber
Thehexadecimalisfirstconvertedtobinaryandthebinary
numberisthenconvertedintodecimal.
◊Forexample:Hexadecimalnumber(2B)16
◊Step1-Hexadecimalnumbertobinary
(2B)16=(00101011)2
◊Step2-Binarynumber(00101011)2todecimal
32+8+2+1=43
Hexadecimalnumber(2B)16=(00101011)2=(43)10
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0*2
7
=00*2
6
=01*2
5
=320*2
4
=01*2
3
=80*2
2
=01*2
1
=21*2
0
=1*1=1

15. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 4 -System Bus
Thesystembusisdividedintothreenamely
◊Addressbus
◊DataBus
◊ControlBus
AddressBus-usedtolocatetheuniquelocationstogetthe
data
DataBus-usedtosenddatabetweendevicesandmemory
ControlBus–Itcarriescontrolsignalfromtheprocessorto
otherdevicesormemory.

16. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
8085Microprocessor
◊Itisa40pinDIPpackage
IC
◊Itisan8bitprocessor
◊Itis3.125MHz
◊Ithas16bitaddressbus
◊Operateson+5VDCpower
supply
Thepindiagramof8085

17. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
Thesignalspresentinthe
microprocessorare,
◊AddressandDataBus
•Theaddressbusof8085
microprocessoris16bit.
•Theloworderaddress
linesAD0toAD7are
multiplexed.
•TheHighorderA8toA15
arededicatedforcarrying
theaddress.
•Demultiplexed using
AddressLatchEnable
(ALE)signal.

18. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
ControlandStatusSignals
◊Controlsignals-RDandWR
◊Statussignals-IO/M,S0andS1
◊Specialsignal-ALEtodemultiplextheaddressandthedatasignals.
•ALE(AddresslatchEnable)-Generateseverytimeduringthebeginning
oftheoperation.
•RD(Read)-indicatesthattheselectedmemorylocationortheI/Odevice
hastoberead.
•WR(Write)-indicatesthatdataisavailableonthedatabusandthedata
hastobewrittentothememorylocationortheI/OdeviceProvidedbythe
addressbus.
•

19. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
IO/M
◊Lowsignalitindicatesamemoryoperation
◊Highsignalindicatesaninputoutputoperation
PowerSupplyandFrequencySignals
◊V
cc–Itisthepowersupplygiventothemicroprocessorforits
operation.
◊V
ss–Itisthegroundreference
◊X1andX2arethetwoendswhichareconnectedtothecrystal
◊CLK(OUT)–usedasasystemclockforotherdevices.

20. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
InterruptsandExternallyInitiatedSignals
◊InterruptRequest(INTR)signalisgeneratedbytheperipheral
devicestocatchtheattentionoftheCPU.
ExternallyInitiatedSignals
◊RESET(RESETINandRESETOUT),HOLD,READY.
◊RESETIN:themicroprocessorisreset
◊RESETOUT:usedbytheprocessortoresettheother
peripheraldevices
◊HOLD:generatedbytheDMAcontrollerrequestingthe
microprocessortograntthebus.

21. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processors
SerialI/OPorts
◊SIDandSODaretwosignalsusedforserialtransmission.
◊SIDisusedtoreceivedatabitbybit
◊SODpinisusedtooutputdatabitbybit.
FlagRegisters
◊IndicatesthestatusoftheArithmeticandLogicoperations.
◊TheFlagregisterspresentin8085microprocessor
•SignFlag
•ZeroFlag
•CarryFlag
•AuxiliaryCarryFlag
•ParityFlag

22. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 6 -Features of 8086 Microprocessor
◊8086isa16bitmicroprocessor
◊Theclockspeedvariesfrom4MHzto10MHz
◊Thedatabuswidthis16bit
◊Thewidthoftheaddressbusis20bits.
◊Operateswith+5VDCpowersupply
◊Itisa40pinDIPPPackage
◊Ithasapipelinedarchitecture
◊Doesnotprovideacoprocessorsupport

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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊Thedatabusis8bit.
◊Theclockspeedsupportedis4.77MHz
◊Itsupportsthe8087coprocessor
◊SupportsDMAdatatransfer
◊Supportspipelinedarchitecture.
◊Supportsnineflags
◊ProvideslargenumberofI/Oportsupto64K
◊The8088microprocessoroperatesintwodifferentmodes.
•MinimumMode
•MaximumMode

24. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊ThepinMN/MXdecidesthemodeinwhichtheprocessor
canoperate.
◊UnderMinimumMode,thereisnocoprocessorsupport.

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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊TheMN/MXpinshouldbelowtooperateinMaximummode.

26. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
►Basic unitsof8088
Microprocessor
BusInterfaceUnit(BIU)
ExecutionUnit(EU).
Functionsperformedbythe
BIU
◊I/Oreadandwrite
◊Memoryreadandwrite
◊Addressgenerationand
storing pre-fetched
instructions
FunctionsperformedbytheEU
◊Decodingtheinstructions
fetchedbytheBusInterface
Unit
◊Executingtheinstructionsto
generatetheresult

27. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
Co-Processor8087
◊Used forperforming
arithmetic,trigonometric,
exponentialandlogarithmic
instructions.
◊SoitistermedasNumerical
DataProcessor(NDP).
Workingof8087Co-
Processor
◊Theresultsoffloatingpoint
operationsaredesiredto
have18decimaldigit
accuracy.

28. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 7 -Features of 8088 Microprocessor
Interfacebetween8088and8087inaPC
◊Theaddress/databuslinesofhe8088microprocessorare
connecteddirectlywiththe8087Co-Processor.

29. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Support Chips Used in 8088
Differentsupportchipspresent
inthe8088motherboard.
◊8284–ClockGeneratoris
usedtogeneratetheclock
◊8259--Interruptcontroller.
◊8288isthebuscontroller.
◊8237istheDMAcontroller.
◊8253istheprogrammable
Timer
◊8255istheProgrammable
PeripheralInterface
373and245areaddress
latchesandbuffer

30. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Support Chips Used in 8088
ClassificationofSupportChips
DumbChip
◊Nointelligenceanditisnotprogrammable
◊Doesnothaveseparatememorytostorethecommandsandthe
controls
◊Functionofthedumbchipisfixedandisaccordingtotheinput
SmartChip
◊Itisprogrammableandhasintelligence.
◊Separatememorytostorethecommandsandthecontrols
◊Troubleshootingofasmartchipiscomplex

31. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Support Chips Used in 8088
Programmable Interrupt
Controller(PIC)–8259A
◊ItisusedintheXT
motherboardtogenerate
aninterruptsignal
◊PCIisaninterface
betweentheCPUandthe
device.
◊TheXTmotherboard
supportsoneinterrupt
controllerwhichcan
supporteightdevices

32. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Support Chips Used in 8088
TheATmotherboardsupportstwointerruptcontrollers
(8259)forsupporting15interrupts.

33. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Support Chips Used in 8088
►ProgrammableDMAController
8237
InnXTmotherboardonlyoneDMA
controllerispresent.
InATmotherboards,twoDMA
controllersarecascaded.
TheDMAcontrollerhasfour
channels
◊Channel0isusedforrefreshing
RAM
◊Channel1isnotused
◊Channel2isusedbyFloppy
DiskControllerforperforming
datatransfer
◊Channel3isusedbyHardDisk
Controllerforperformingdata
transfer
Memory
Refresh
Not Used
FDC
HDC
Channel 0
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3

34. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Lesson 2 -Advanced Processors
Introduction
◊Theadvancementintechnologybroughtmanyvariationsto
theExtendedTechnologyXTandtheAdvancedTechnology
wasintroduced
◊Itisverymuchessentialtoidentifythedifferentprocessors,
theirfeaturesandthesocketsortheslotswheretheycanbe
connected.

35. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Lesson 2 -Advanced Processors
TopicsCoveredinthisLesson
◊80286Processor
◊80386Processorand80486Processor
◊TypesofInstructionSet
◊PentiumProcessor
◊ProcessorGenerations
◊PentiumMMXandPentiumPROProcessors
◊PentiumIIProcessors
◊PentiumXeonProcessors
◊CeleronProcessors
◊PentiumIIIProcessors
◊PentiumIVProcessor
◊AMDProcessor
◊ProcessorIdentification

36. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 1 -80286 Processor
◊TheregistersandtheALUis16bit.
◊Thewidthoftheaddressbusis24bit.
◊Itoperateswith+5VDC
◊Itoperatesin8MHz,10MHzand12.5MHz
◊IthasNon-Multiplexedaddress/databus

37. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 1 -80286 Processor
◊Therearefourstage
inexecutingan
instruction.
◊The instruction
executionina
pipeline.

38. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 2 -80386 and 80486 Processors
Intel80386processor
◊Itisa32bit
microprocessor.
◊Twotypesare80386SX
and80386DX.
◊Theyarerealmode,
protectedmodeand
virtual86mode.
◊The80386SXhas24
addresslinesandthe
80386DXhas32
addresslines
◊Supports instruction
pipelining

39. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 2 -80386 and 80486 Processors
Intel80486Processor
◊Twotypes
◊80486SXand80486SL
◊80486DX
•80486DX2
•80486DX4
◊IthasinbuiltNumeric
Dataprocessor
◊Ithasaunifiedinbuilt
cachememory

40. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 3 -Types of Instruction Set
ComplexInstructionSetComputing(CISC)
◊Thisprocessorsareprovidedwithlargenumberofcomplex
instructions
ReducedInstructionSetComputing(RISC)
◊Ithaslessnumberoftransistorsandischeaper.
ExplicitlyParallelInstructionComputing(EPIC)
◊IthascombinedfeaturesofbothCISCandRISC.
VeryLargeInstructionWord(VLIW)
◊TheVLIWtypeprocessorswillbeabletoreceivemanyinstructions
perword.

41. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 4 -Pentium Processors
►Comparison
80486 Microprocessor Pentium Processor
Ithasonepipelined32bit
processor
Ithastwopipelinestages
namelytheUpipelineandtheV
pipeline
Theparitylogicisavailable
onlyfordatabus.
Theparitylogicispresentfor
bothaddressbusandthe
internaldatabus.
Thecachewritepolicy
followediswrite-through
policy
Pentiumprocessorfollows
write-backpolicy
SupportsBurstBuscycle
Pentium processor also
supportsburstbuscycle

42. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 4 -Pentium Processors
►FeaturesofPentiumProcessor
PentiumprocessorsupportsSuperscalararchitecture.
SupportsFunctionalRedundancyCheck.
Supportseffectivepowermanagementfeature.
Supportsmultiprocessor

43. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 4 -Pentium Processors
►Cyrix686Processor
◊ThepinoftheCyrix
processorwasPentium
compatibleandcouldbe
placedinSOCKET7.
►AMDProcessors
►TheseriesofAMD
processors
◊K5processor
◊K6, K6-2, K6-3
processors
◊K7Athlonprocessor.

44. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processor Generations
SOCKET TYPE/
NAME
CPU PINS VOLTAGE
SOCKET1: 486SX&DX 169 5v.
SOCKET2: 486SX,DX,&DX2 238 5v.
SOCKET3: 486SX,DX,DX2,DX4,
586,PentiumOverdrive
237 3v.&5v.
SOCKET4: Pentium60&66 273 5v.

45. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processor Generations
PC CPU Year Transistors
5
th
Generation Pentium, Cyrix 6X86,
AMD K5, IDT WinChip C6
1993-95
1996
1996
1997
3,100,000
--
--
3,500,000
6
th
Generation PentiumPro,AMDK6,
PentiumII,AMDK6-2
1995
1997
1997
1998
5,500,000
8,800,000
7,500,000
9,300,000
7
th
Generation AMD Original Athlon,
AMD Athlon Thunderbird
Pentium 4
1999
2000
2001
22,000,000
37,000,000
42,000,000

46. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processor Generations
Thetableshowsthesizeofcachememorysupportedbydifferent
processors
CPU Cache size in the CPU
Celeron 32KBL1+128KBL2
Pentium III
Cumine
32KBL1+256KBL2
AMDK6-3 64KBL1+256KBL2
AMDK7Athlon128KBL1
AMDDuron 128KBL1+64KBL2

47. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processor Generations
Someofthespecifications,thesignificanceandexampleof
processor.
Characteristic
sofCPU
Significance Example
Internalclock
frequency
Speedofdataprocessing
insidetheCPU.
800MHz
Externalclock
frequency
Speedofdatatransferto
andfromtheCPUviathe
systembus(orFrontSide
Bus).
133MHz
Internaldata
width
Thenumberofbitsthe
CPU can process
simultaneously.
32bits

48. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 5 -Processor Generations
Thefigurebelowshowsthedifferentgenerationsof
computersandtheprocessors

49. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 6 -Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors
PentiumMMX
◊Ithasonchipmultimedia
architecture.
◊SupportsenhancedPipeline
feature
◊Operateswith2.8V
IntelPentiumPRO
◊SuperpipeliningArchitecture
◊IntegratedL1Cache
◊Optimizedperformancefor
32bitcode

50. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 7 -Pentium II Processor
◊ItintegratedMMXfeatureinit.
◊Runsatdifferentspeedsof233MHz,266MHz,300MHz,333
MHz.
◊Supports512KBofL2cache
◊Supports32KBofL1cache
◊Supports32bitand64bitpipelinedfloatingpointunit

51. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 8 -Pentium Xeon Processor
◊ItisacombinationofthePentiumProandthePentiumII
technology.
◊Itsupported512KBor1MBofLevelIIcachememory
◊TheLevel2cacheranatthesamefrequencyasthecore
frequencyoftheprocessor.
◊Supportmultiprocessorconfiguration.
◊Notavailableinhigherclockspeeds.

52. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 9 -Celeron Processor
◊Intel266MHzprocessor
◊Celeronprocessoroperating
at366MHzwith128KBL2
cache.
◊Coppermine Celeron
processoroperatingat950
MHzwith128KBL2cache.
◊IntelCeleronprocessorwith
anintegratedheatsink.

53. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 10 -Pentium III Processor
◊Supportsdifferentapplicationslike3-D,imaging,streaming
video,speechrecognitionandaudioapplications.
◊supportclockspeedupto800MHz.
◊suitedtoMultimediaapplicationscalledMMX.
◊TheinstructionsetofPentiumsupportsSingleInstruction
MultipleData(SIMD).
◊ThePentiumIIIprocessorcomesinthreedifferentpackages.
•SingleEdgeContactCartridge2
•Flip-ChipPinGridArray
•Flip-ChipPinGridArray2

54. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 11 -Pentium IV Processor
◊SupportsNetburstarchitecture.
◊CharacteristicsofNetburstarchitecture
•HyperpipelinedTechnology
•RapidExecutionEngine
•ExecutionTracecache
•400MHzSystembus
◊256KBL2cache
◊TheALUrunsattwicetheclockspeed
◊Sitsinthe423pinsocket
◊Clockfrequenciesfrom1.5GHzwith20stagepipeline

55. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 12 -AMD Processors
AMD64familyconsistof
◊AMDOpteronprocessor
◊AMDAthlon64processor
◊AMDTurion64mobile
technology
AMDOpteron
◊Enables simultaneous
32-and64-bitcomputing.
◊AMD64 Dual-Core
Technology directly
connectstwoprocessor
corestoasingledie

56. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 12 -AMD Processors
AMDAthlon
◊EnhancedVirusProtectionwhensupportedbytheOS.
◊Run32-bitapplicationsatfullspeed
◊Enable64-bitsoftwareapplications
AMDTurion
◊Itisusedforsimultaneous32-and64-bitWindowscompatible
processors.
◊AMDPowerNowtechnology,longerthebatterylife
◊DeliverAMD64performanceinthinnerandlighternotebook.

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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
FC-LGA4Package
◊Thisisusedin
Pentium4processors
thatfittotheLGA775
socket.
◊Thefigurebelow
showstheLGA775
socketincomparison
withsocket478

58. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
FC-PGA2Package
◊ItisusedinCeleron
Processorwith370pins
◊InPentiumProcessorwith
478pins.
FlipChip–PinGridArray
Package(FC-PGA)
◊Ithaspinsontheunderside
ofthechipandareinserted
intosockets.
◊PresentinPentiumIII
processorsandCeleron
Processorswith370pins.

59. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
OrganicLandGridArray
(OLGA)Package
◊Inthispackagethe
processormakesuseof
theflipchipdesign.
◊Itisemployedinthe
Pentium4processor
with423pins.
PinGridArray(PGA)
package
◊Thepinsarearrangedin
amannerthatchipsits
inonlyonedirection.

60. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
ShortEdgeContact
CartridgePackage
◊Theprocessoris
connectedtothe
motherboardwiththe
helpofslot
◊seeninPentiumII
processors
S.E.C.C.2Package
◊Thermalplateisnot
presentinthis
package
◊UsedbyPentiumII
Processor and
PentiumIIIprocessor

61. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
SingleEdgeProcessorSEPPackage
◊Thereisnocoveringinthispackage
◊Thecircuitboardisseenclearlyfromtherearside.
◊usedinearlyIntelCeleronprocessorwith242contactpoints.

62. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
PackageTypesforMobile
Processors
Micro-FCPGA
◊Providedwith478pins.
◊usesZeroInsertionForce
techniqueswhichensures
easyplacementandremoval
ofthepackage.
Micro-FCBGA
◊Itisprovidedwithballlike
contactsinsteadofpins.
◊UsedbyPentiumIIImobile
processorsandhas495balls.

63. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 13 -Processor Identification
MicroPGA2Package
◊Thispackageusedthe
ZeroInsertionForce
removalandadditionof
processors.
◊Thecapacitorsplacedon
thebottomsideofthe
package
MobileModuleCartridge-2
(MMC-2)Package
◊Thispackageconsistsof
theprocessorandthehost
bridgecontrollerona
singleelectroniccircuit.

64. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 14 –Processor Technologies
VRM
◊ACPUisacollectionoftransistors.Thesetransistorsworkata
specificvoltagelevel.
◊Ifexcessivevoltageissuppliedtothetransistoritwillburnoff
◊Hencethemotherboardmanufacturershadtotakespecial
careoftheCPUvoltages.

65. Module 5 -ProcessorsPC Hardware Basic Guide
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Topic 14 –Processor Technologies
Hyperthreading
◊Aprocessorarchitecturewheresimultaneousmulti-threadingis
doneiscalledhyper-threading
◊Itisamethodofmakingasinglechipoperatesliketwo
separatedevices
Throttling
◊CPUthrottlingisafeaturewhichprotectstheCPUfrom
overheatingandthusincreasesthelife-cycleofaCPU.
◊Itisadynamicwayofcontrollingtheprocessorspeedasa
functionofthetemperature.

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Lesson 3 –Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a
processor
Introduction
◊CPUisthemaincomponentnexttothemotherboard.Ityields
thesystem,theabilitytoprocessinformation.
◊ItrunsataspeedinGHz.i.e.1by1000000000thofasecond.
◊Asinglehitchcanmakeitnon-functional.Itseldomfails.
Topicscoveredare
◊ChoosingaCPU
◊InstallingaCPU
◊TroubleshootingaCPU

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Topic 1 –Choosing a CPU
ChoosingaCPU
◊TheCPUthatischosenmustbeappropriatefortheCPUslot
ontheMotherboard.
◊MotherboardscanhaveaZIFsocketorSECCslot.Choose
therightCPU(eitherslotorsocket.
◊Themotherboardhasachipsetwhichcontrolsthefunctioning
ofthesystem.
◊TheCPUsworkonaspecificvoltagesuppliedtothem.Itgets
thisvoltagefromthemotherboard.

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Topic 2 –Installing a CPU
InstallingaCPU
◊WhileinstallingtheCPU,nevertouchthepinsoftheCPU.
◊AsgeneralCPUismucheasierthanaSocketCPU.Aslottype
CPUissimplyinsertedintotheCPUslot
◊when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the notch
on the CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket.
◊LatestCPUtechnologyusesa4-pinAuxiliaryconnectorto
supplypowertotheconnector.

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Topic 3 –Troubleshooting a CPU
TroubleshootingaCPU
◊Troubleshootingaprocessorisataskwhichisusuallyisdone
bythemanufacturer.Leavealonetroubleshooting,
◊Theidentificationoftheproblemcanbeonlydonebyone
method.
◊Theoverheatingmightbeduetovariousreasonslikeabent
pin,over-voltage.
◊Astroubleshootingcanbedoneonlyatthechip-level,
replacingtheCPUistheonlysolution.

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Conclusion
◊Logicgatesarethebasicfundamentalunitsofelectronic
circuits
◊The8088microprocessorhastwobasicunitsnamelytheBus
InterfaceUnit(BIU)andtheExecutionUnit(EU).
◊Intel80486isa32bitprocessor.
◊TheIntelPentiumPROprocessorwasthefirstinthePentium
IIgeneration
◊TroubleshootingaCPUcanbedoneonlyatthechip-level,
replacingtheCPUistheonlysolution