Molecular Biogeography and Its Insights into Evolutionary History.pptx

A presentation about molecular biogeography.

1. Molecular Biogeography and Its Insights into Evolutionary History Taxonomy and Systematics

2. Biogeography Biogeography is the study of the patterns of geographic distribution of organisms and the factors that determine those patterns.

3. 01 WHAT IS MOLECULAR BIOGEOGRAPHY?

4. Molecular Biogeography Molecular biogeography is the study of how geography and environmental factors influence the genetic diversity and distribution of organisms. Provides insights into evolutionary history, speciation patterns, and biodiversity.

5. 02 TOOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOGEOGRAPHY

6. Tools in Molecular Biogeography 2. Phylogenetic analysis 3. GIS mapping Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Involves the construction of phylogenetic trees or networks 1. DNA sequencing Decipher the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules

7. 1. DNA Sequencing Utilizes advanced sequencing technologies (e.g., Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing) to decipher the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules . Applications : I dentifying genetic markers : Enables the discovery of molecular markers (e.g., DNA barcodes) for species identification and taxonomy. Detecting population structure : Helps in characterizing population genetic structure and assessing gene flow between populations. Analyzing gene flow : Allows estimation of migration rates and patterns of gene flow among populations or across landscapes .

8. 2. Phylogenetic analysis Involves the construction of phylogenetic trees or networks to represent the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on genetic data. Applications : Understanding speciation events : Helps in identifying patterns of species divergence and understanding the processes driving speciation. Inferring ancestral relationships : Allows reconstruction of the evolutionary history of taxa and the estimation of ancestral character states. Exploring evolutionary patterns : Provides insights into evolutionary processes such as adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, and molecular evolution.

9. 2. Phylogenetic analysis Techniques : Cladistics : Analyzes shared derived characteristics (homologies) to infer evolutionary relationships and construct phylogenetic trees. Maximum likelihood : Statistical method that estimates the most likely tree topology and branch lengths given a specific model of sequence evolution. Bayesian inference : Probabilistic approach that uses Bayesian statistics to infer phylogenetic trees based on prior knowledge and observed data.

10. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Software tools for capturing, storing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data . Applications : Mapping species distributions : Enables the spatial representation of species occurrence records and the identification of geographic patterns in species distributions. Identifying biodiversity hotspots : Facilitates the identification of regions with high species richness and endemism for conservation prioritization. Assessing habitat connectivity: Allows the analysis of landscape connectivity and the identification of corridors for species movement and dispersal. 3. GIS mapping

11. 03 Historical Context: Early Biogeography

12. Historical Context: Early Biogeography Noted Unique Species Distributions and Adaptations First Insights into Geographical Influences on Biodiversity How geography shapes biodiversity Distinct variations among species on different islands Darwin's Observations on the Galápagos Islands Voyage on the HMS Beagle

13. 03 Historical Context: Traditional Biogeography

14. Historical Context: Traditional Biogeography Emphasis on Continental Drift, Island Isolation, and Climate Limited by Observational and Analytical Tools Lack of genetic data limited understanding of evolutionary processes. Theories like continental drift and island biogeography Focus on Physical Barriers and Dispersal Mechanisms Role of geographical barriers

15. 03 Historical Context: Molecular Revolution

16. Historical Context: Molecular Revolution Enabled Precise Genetic Analysis of Species Distributions Expanded Understanding of Evolutionary Processes and Patterns Molecular data complemented traditional biogeography Study of genetic diversity within and between populations Advent of DNA Sequencing Techniques Revolutionized Biogeography Introduction of DNA sequencing

17. 04 Genetic Signatures in Biogeography

18. Genetic Signatures in Biogeography Phylogeography Comparative Genomics DNA Barcoding

19. DNA Barcoding Using specific gene sequences, typically from mitochondrial DNA, to identify and classify species . Importance : Facilitates rapid and accurate species identification, especially for taxa with morphological similarities. Provides a standardized approach for biodiversity assessment and conservation. Example : The COI gene in animals is commonly used for DNA barcoding due to its high variability and conserved regions.

20. Study of the geographic distribution of genetic lineages within species to understand historical biogeographic processes . Importance : Reveals patterns of population structure, genetic diversity, and historical demography. Provides insights into past climate changes, habitat fragmentation, and dispersal patterns Techniques : Molecular markers (e.g., mtDNA , microsatellites) combined with spatial analyses (e.g., GIS, phylogenetic trees) Phylogeography

21. Comparative Genomics Analysis of genomes across different species to understand evolutionary relationships, genome evolution, and adaptive traits . Importance : Reveals genetic basis of adaptation, speciation, and diversification. Identifies conserved regions and genes under positive selection Techniques : Whole-genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies, and functional genomics approaches )

22. 05 Conservation Molecular Biogeography in

23. Molecular Biogeography in Conservation Endangered Species Conservation Genetics Preserving genetic diversity to ensure species resilience. Identifying genetically distinct populations for targeted conservation. Biodiversity Hotspots Using genetic data to prioritize conservation efforts

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