Monoclonal antibodies

Preparation of monoclonal antibodies and some of their various uses.

1. Monoclonal Antibodies Prepared by: Group 1 Supervised by: Dr. Falwa AlQahtani

2. Antibodies 1- Polyclonal Antibodies. 2- Monoclonal Antibody.

3. Polyclonal Antibodies Antibody preparations from immunized animals. Consist of complex mixtures of different antibodies produced by many different B cell clones.

4. Monoclonal Antibody Homogeneous antibody preparations produced in the laboratory. Consist of a single type of antigen binding site, produced by a single B cell clone.

5. Producing Monoclonal Antibodies

6. Qualities of Monoclonal Antibodies They are uniform. They are highly specific. They can be produced readily in large quantities. Stable antibody which can be used over a period of time. They use in diagnostic test and for cancer treatment.

7. 1) Pregnancy Tests A pregnant woman has the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in her urine. Monoclonal antibodies to HCG have been produced. These have been attached to enzymes which can later interact with a dye molecule and produce a colour change.

8. Pregnancy Tests Pregnancy test contains three regions : Reaction region Test region Control region

9. Pregnancy Tests U rine travels up the pregnancy test, HCG will bind to monoclonal antibodies in reaction region Movement of the urine will move the monoclonal antibodies up to the test region Monoclonal antibodies with bound HCG will bind to antibodies in test region and activate dye molecules, producing a colour change Any unbound monoclonal antibodies will continue to travel to control region and will bind to anti-mouse antibodies, activating dye molecules and producing a colour change

10. Pregnancy Tests

11. 2) Diagnosis of HIV Infection The test of HIV infection is based on detecting the presence of HIV antibody in the patient’s blood serum.

12. Diagnosis of HIV Infection HIV antigen is attached to the plate. Patients serum passed over the plate. Any HIV antibody in the patients serum will attached to the antigen already on the plate. A second antibody which is specific to the HIV antibody is passed over the plate. This antibody will attach to the concentrated HIV antibody on the plate. This second antibody has an enzyme attached to its structure. Chromagen dye is passed over the complex of concentrated HIV antibody/conjugated antibody. The enzyme will turn the chromagen to a more intense colour . The more intense the colour , the greater the HIV antibody level. This would be the a positive result for a HIV test.

13. 3) Treatment of Cancer - Cancer cells carry specific tumour -associated antigens (TAA) on their plasma membrane. - Monoclonal anti-TAA antibodies have been produced.

14. Treatment of Cancer Drugs which kill tumour cells or inhibit key proteins in tumour cells are attached to monoclonal anti-TAA antibodies. Cancer cells are specifically targeted, avoiding damage to healthy host cells.

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