Monograph, bibliography types and format

Details about monograph, articles, journal, bibliography

1. Scientific writing and project formulation Topic:1.1- articles in journals 1.2 – Review article submitted by 1.3- monographs. Swathilakshmi R K 1.4 Bibliographies 1.5Book chapters and articles

2. Introduction Scientific writing encompasses a diverse array of formats and styles, each tailored to convey complex research findings and ideas to specific audiences and purposes. From the concise and impactful research article, to the in-depth and comprehensive review, and from the visual and engaging poster to the detailed and technical thesis, various types of scientific writing serve as essential tools for communicating scientific knowledge.

3. Articles in journals Articles and journals are integral components of academic and professional communication, facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and research findings. An article is a written piece that presents research, ideas, or information on a specific topic, typically published in a journal, magazine, or online platform. Journals, on the other hand, are periodical publications that collect and publish articles on a specific theme or field, undergoing a rigorous peer-review process to ensure quality and validity. By publishing articles in reputable journals, authors can share their work with a wider audience, contribute to the advancement of their field, and engage in scholarly debate.

4. As such, articles and journals play a vital role in promoting knowledge sharing, innovation, and progress across various disciplines and industries. Journal articles are shorter than books and written about very specific topics. A journal is a collection of articles (like a magazine) that is published regularly throughout the year. Journals present the most recent research, and journal articles are written by experts, for experts. They may be published in print or online formats, or both.

5. Characteristics Authors: Authors of journal articles are usually affiliated with universities, research institutions, or professional associations. Author degrees are usually specified with the author names, as are the affiliations. Abstract: The article text is usually preceded with an abstract. The abstract will provide an overview of what the article discusses or reveals and frequently is useful in identifying articles that report the results of scientific studies.

6. Use of Professional Terminology and Language: The language used in journal articles is specific to the subject matter being covered by the journal. For example, an article written for a psychological journal is written in an academic rather than popular style and will make heavy use of psychological term In Text References: Journal articles normally will be profusely documented with sources that have provided information to the article authors and/or that provide further related information. Documentation of sources can be handled by in-text parenthetical references (MLA, APA, Chicago sciences styles), by the use of footnotes (Chicago humanities style), or by the use of endnotes ( Turabian style). Individual journals will specify their own requirements for documentation.

7. Bibliography: Because journal articles use numerous sources as documentation, these sources are often referenced in an alphabetically or numerically arranged bibliography located at the end of the article. Format of the bibliography will vary depending on the documentation style used in the article. Charts, Graphs, Tables, Statistical Data: Articles that result from research studies will often include statistical data gathered during the course of the studies. These data are often presented in charts and tables.

8. Length of Article: Journal articles, in general, tend to be fairly lengthy, often consisting of a dozen or more pages. Some journals also publish book reviews. These are typically brief and should not be confused with the full-length research articles that the journal focuses on. Use of volume and issue numbering: Journals normally make use of volume and issue numbering to help identify individual issues in their series. Normally a volume will encompass an entire year's worth of a journal's issues.

9. Subject Focus: Journals typically gather and publish research that focuses on a very specific field of inquiry, like criminology, or southern history, or statistics. Overall Appearance: Journals are typically heavy on text and light on illustration. Journal covers tend toward the plain with an emphasis on highlighting key research articles that appear within a particular issue.

10. Types Original research This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections.

11. Short reports or Letters: These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications.

12. Review Articles: Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

13. Case Studies These articles report specific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of Case Studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur. This type of study is often used in medicine to report the occurrence of previously unknown or emerging pathologies. Methodologies and methods These articles present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The method described may either be completely new, or may offer a better version of an existing method. The article should describe a demonstrable advance on what is currently Available.

14. Review article A review article can also be called a literature review, or a review of literature. It is a survey of previously published research on a topic. It should give an overview of current thinking on the topic. And, unlike an original research article, it will not present new experimental results. Writing a review of literature is to provide a critical evaluation of the data available from existing studies. Review articles can identify potential research areas to explore next, and sometimes they will draw new conclusions from the existing data.

15. How to write review article 1.Check the journal’s aims and scope Make sure you have read the aims and scope for the journal you are submitting to and follow them closely. Different journals accept different types of articles and not all will accept review articles, so it’s important to check this before you start writing. 2.Define scope Define the scope of your review article and the research question you’ll be answering, making sure your article contributes something new to the field.

16. 3.Finding sources to evaluate When finding sources to evaluate, Angus Crake says it’s critical that you “use multiple search engines/databases so you don’t miss any important ones.” 4.Writing your title, abstract and keywords Spend time writing an effective title, abstract and keywords. This will help maximize the visibility of your article online, making sure the right readers find your research. Your title and abstract should be clear, concise, accurate, and informative.

17. 5.Introduce the topic Gather research to inform your introduction and make it broad enough to reach out to a large audience of non-specialists. This will help maximize its wider relevance and impact. Don’t make your introduction too long. Divide the review into sections of a suitable length to allow key points to be identified more easily.

18. 6.Include critical discussion Make sure you present a critical discussion, not just a descriptive summary of the topic. If there is contradictory research in your area of focus, make sure to include an element of debate and present both sides of the argument. You can also use your review paper to resolve conflict between contradictory studies.

19. 7.Sum it up As part of your conclusion, include making suggestions for future research on the topic. Focus on the goal to communicate what you understood and what unknowns still remains. 8.Use a critical friend Always perform a final spell and grammar check of your article before submission.You may want to ask a critical friend or colleague to give their feedback before you submit. If English is not your first language, think about using a language-polishing service.

20. MONOGRAPHS A monograph is a scholarly publication that can be a revised version of a dissertation or thesis, published by university presses or commercial publishers. Authors may receive royalties for monographs, which are edited for readability and cater to a diverse audience, including students, academics, practitioners, and laypeople in the field of social sciences. A point of difference is that authors may get a royalty payment for monographs, whereas for most other research dissemination, such as journal articles and conference papers, authors do not receive direct payment.

21. Consideration for writing and Publishing a monograph Understanding the peculiarities of writing a book Note that, generally, books are less cited than journal articles; ground-breaking work or new contributions to academic knowledge are generally revealed in the article form. Books are more difficult to access, cost considerably more and generally do not claim to make significant new academic contributions as they often draw on material previously published by the author, either from articles published earlier by the same author or from their previous doctoral thesis.

22. b. Understanding the time and effort involved Writing a monograph demands extensive reading around the topic you focus on. Academic monographs usually take years in the making, a PhD taking on average 7-8 years. Even a professional academic who might write a monograph in a year is drawing on years of experience and an existing extensive knowledge around the topic of the monograph.

23. c. Turning your PhD into a monograph If you are turning your doctoral thesis into a book, this can still take considerable time depending on the form your PhD took. The more traditional PhD often has an extensive review of the literature as one component. So, this might be the first area to cut or amend as the book needs to adapt to a broader audience who are less interested in an extensive review, and who are more interested in the themes, cases, Findings

24. D. Find a suitable publisher You need to identify possible publishers who have other books that address similar subjects or that take a similar written or methodological approach, or who has an established collection that you can add to. • You then need to write a book proposal that lays out how your book contributes to academia and to the publisher in question. • The preliminary research for your monograph should reveal how you might best approach the organisation of the writing.

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY bibliography is a comprehensive list of sources, such as books and websites, that have been consulted or cited in a particular work. It serves as a reference list, providing readers with information about the sources used by the author, and allowing them to locate and verify those sources. Typically, they include detailed information for each source, such as the author’s name, title, publication date, publisher, and page numbers.

26. Types of bibliographies There are three common kinds of bibliography, each serving different purposes and focusing on various aspects of research and scholarship: • Analytical • Enumerative • Annotated

27. Analytical Analytical bibliographies go beyond simple description to analyze the content and structure of works. They include variations between different editions, each work’s number of pages, information concerning the booksellers and printers, paper and binding descriptions, and any insights that unfold as a book evolved from a manuscript to a published book. They are used by researchers interested in the history of books and printing.

28. Elements : • Details about each source, including the author’s name, publication title, etc. • Analysis focusing on textual evidence, editorial decisions, etc. • Explanation of the purpose and goal of the bibliography. • Historical context on the source’s production, including printing technology etc. • Comparison with other editions or versions, highlighting textual variations etc.

29. Annotated Annotated bibliographies include brief summaries or annotations of each source listed alphabetically, in addition to bibliographic information. This type provides an outline of the content and quality of the source, helping researchers evaluate its relevance for their own work. Elements: • Details about each source, including the author’s name, title, etc. • Brief summary of the main points and arguments of each source. • Assessment of quality, reliability, relevance, and credibility. • Explanation of why the source was chosen and who it is intended for. • Explanation of how the source relates to the research topic or questions

30. Enumerative Students writing research papers commonly use enumerative bibliography. It is the most basic type, where the writer lists all sources used, providing bibliographic details for each work. Those sources share common characteristics such as language, topic, or period of time. Information concerning the source is then given by the writer to provide directions to the readers towards the source. Elements: • A list of sources including details of the author’s name, title, etc. • Method of organizing the bibliographic entries, such as alphabetical by author, etc. • Description of the scope, including and specific criteria used to select or exclude sources. • May include annotations providing further information, such as evaluation.

31. BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMATS APA Format When writing bibliographies (references) using the APA format, the following steps should be observed: • At the end of the paper on a new page, “References” entitled with centeralignment . • The references themselves should be left-aligned. • Subsequent lines need a hanging indent of 1/2 inch. • Only use the author’s full last name and the initial of the first name. • If there are multiple authors, the names are separated with an ampersand (&).

32. • Place the date in parentheses. • Italicize the title of the source material & use sentence case. • For website use the full URL.

33. MLA Format When writing a bibliography (Works Cited) using MLA, it appears in this format: • Start “Works Cited” list on a new page with center-alignment. • If you add a Works Consulted list, start it on a new page after Works Cited. • Each source is left-aligned. • Subsequent lines need a hanging indent of 1/2 inch. • Alphabetize your sources, usually the author’s last name. • Full name of the author, last name is mentioned first. Remove the https:// of the URL.

34. Chicago Style Format Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago Style bibliography: • “Bibliography” or “References” in center-alignment. • Before the first entry, add two blank lines. • Left-align each entry, 1/2 hanging indent for each subsequent line. • Single-space entry, with a blank line between each. • Include the full URL.

35. Book chapters and articles A book chapter is a smaller portion of a longer text, and it may be found in both fiction and nonfiction works. Chapters help to make longer texts more manageable for readers by offering them a natural pause from reading. This pause is important for comprehension and retention and to keep readers engaged. If chapters are broken up and organized effectively, they can even provide a rhythm for the reading experience as a whole.

36. Fiction (writing that is based solely on the author's imagination and is not based on actual events) and nonfiction (texts based on actual persons, facts, or events) books may include a number of parts, and all are significant for the reading experience .Book chapters and articles are two distinct forms of written content that serve as vital sources of information and knowledge. Book chapters are comprehensive and in-depth segments of a larger book or monograph, typically written by experts or specialists in the field, and offer detailed analysis, examples, and case studies on a specific topic.

37. Conclusion In conclusion, scientific writing encompasses a diverse range of formats and styles, each serving a unique purpose in communicating research findings and ideas. From research articles and reviews to case studies and conference papers, each type of scientific writing has its own distinct characteristics and requirements. Additionally, formats like abstracts, posters, and book chapters offer concise and visually engaging ways to share research.