Motivation -Definition, Significance, Types of Motivation, Characteristics, Needs, Strategies for developing motivation in learners, Reward and punishment, Praise and Blame

Motivation -Definition, Significance, Types of Motivation, Achievement motivation, Characteristics, Needs, Strategies for developing motivation in learners, Reward and punishment, Praise and Blame

1. Motivation Suresh Babu G Assistant Professor You all won Exam, so it’s my gift to you all..

2. Motivation The term motivation is originated from a Latin word “ motum ” which means “to move”. Motivation is the process of arousing or initiating movement in the organism. Motivation is some thing which prompts, compels and energizes an individual to act in a particular manner at a particular time for attaining some specific goal. It is a process of arousing, directing, maintaining and controlling one’s interest in a particular activity.

3. Definitions of Motivation According to Mc Donald , motivation is an energy change within the organism characterized by affective arousal and anticipatory goal relations. Sorenson considers motivation as a psychological and physiological condition that causes one to expand effort to satisfy needs and wants. Lindsey defined motivation is a combination of forces which initiate, direct and sustain behavior towards a goal.

4. Motive According to Fisher , a motive is an inclination or impulsion to action plus some degree of orientation or direction. Motive is something that incites an organism to action, sustains it and gives direction. Motives are the springs of action. It is an inner state of mind or an aroused feeling generated through basic needs or drives which compel an individual to respond by creating a kind of tension or urge to act.

5. Significance of Motivation It energizes the leaner and thus it initiates learning activity. Motives activate, direct and regulate the behavior of the leaner. It controls the leaning behavior of the individual. It sustains activity when a goal is not immediately available.

6. Motivation selects behavior. Motivation provides energy and accelerates the behavior of the leaner. Motivation releases the tension and help in satisfying the needs of the leaner. Significance of Motivation

7. Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation (Natural Motivation) It is the motivation associated with activities that are their own reward. It is a force within the individual and works from within the individual. In intrinsic motivation the activity carries its own reward and the individual take genuine interest in performing the activity due to some inside motives and goals Eg : Playing food-ball, reading poetry, painting pictures, etc.

8. Extrinsic Motivation (Artificial Motivation) It is a motivation associated with activities that carry an external reward. It refers to forces outside the individual which are tied with the environment. Here the source of pleasure does not lie within the task. Here the individual does or learns something not for its own sake, but as a means of obtaining desired goals or getting some external reward. Eg : Working for better grade and doing home work for fear of punishment. Types of Motivation

9. Usually extrinsic motivation is provided by incentives and hence it is called incentive motivation. Eg : Praise, blame, rewards, punishments, marks, competitions etc Types of Motivation

10. Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation is the desire to accomplish difficult tasks and meet standards of excellence. It is one’s aspiration to do better, to achieve unique accomplishment, to compete with a standard of excellence, and to involve oneself with long term achievement goals. According to Mc David, achievement motivation is a system of goal direction in human activity that closely related to competence, aggressiveness, dominance and pursuit of excellence.

11. Characteristics of Achievement Motivation It is manifested only when the individual perceives performance as instrumental to a sense of personal accomplishment. It is conditioned by one’s early training, experiences and subsequent learning. It involves an exalted self-esteem and self-image It is a learned motive acquired in the process of growing up and living in the society. It is the intense desire to perform with excellence for its own sake.

12. It includes needs for success as well as need to avoid failure. It is an outcome of social learning and reinforcements which individual have experienced. Characteristics of Achievement Motivation

13. Needs of Achievement Motivation (Atkinson’s View) According to Atkinson, motivation to achieve is a function of the relative strengths of the hope of success and the fear of failure. Atkinson explains that the need for achievement is determined by the strength of two tendencies : (a) Motivation towards success (b) Motivation towards avoidance of failure

14. Both of tendencies are influenced by the experiences in early childhood, and parents attitude and are composed of three factors : orientation(motive towards success and avoidance of failure), expectation (Subjective estimation for the chance of success or failure) and value (incentive of success and failure). Atkinson developed a mathematical model for the need of achievement motivation ( n.Ach ) n.Ach = Ts – TAF where Ts = approach tendency of subject TAF = tendency to avoid failure Needs of Achievement Motivation (Atkinson’s View)

15. Strategies for Developing Motivation in Learners The teacher should adopt the following techniques to motivate pupils to learn: Adopt child centered approach Teaching should be based upon the previous learning experience acquired by pupil Use progressive methods based on psychological principles, AV-aids and direct experiences Develop clear perception of the goal

16. Teacher can use praise, reproof, rewards and punishment for the achievement of goal Competition against one’s own past-record, ego-involvement in learning etc Develop proper attitude Provide appropriate learning situation and environment Ensure sublimation of innate impulses (curiosity, construction etc) Strategies for Developing Motivation in Learners

17. Use appropriate stimulus variation by teacher – Teacher movement, Teacher gestures, change in speech pattern, change in sensory focus, changes in postures. Set attainable goal Provide experience of success Ensure immediate knowledge of progress Introduce novelty in teaching Linking teaching with environment and daily life. Strategies for Developing Motivation in Learners

18. Reward and Punishment as Motive in Learning Reward is a positive way to teach right and wrong. It may be material, symbolic or psychological which motivate Punishment is preventing undesirable behavior by giving painful experiences. It may be fines, dismissal, extra work etc which motivate V S

19. Praise and Blame as Motive in Learning Praise  provides the kind of positive experience or 'uplift' that help to  boost  the performance. Blame is responsibility for a fault or wrong. V S

20. Motivate Students to Achieve their Goal