MS.SAJJDA LODHI NOTES FROM IGCSE EXAMTOPIC ASIAN COUNTRIES ANDTHEIR PHYSIOGRAPHY .docx

Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE EXAM
4countries Out Of 49 Asian Countries
TOPIC ASIAN COUNTRIES ANDTHEIR PHYSIOGRAPHY .
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation,is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by land area, and extends across eleven time zones; sharing land borders with fourteen countries.[d] Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous country in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia; while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and cultural centre.Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic. The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. The Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s, amidst the deaths of millions under Joseph Stalin's rule, and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014. The latter has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory, includ

1. Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE EXAM
4countries Out Of 49 Asian Countries
TOPIC ASIAN COUNTRIES ANDTHEIR
PHYSIOGRAPHY .

2. Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation,is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the
largest country in the world by land area, and extends across eleven time zones; sharing land borders
with fourteen countries.[d] Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most
populous country in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having
more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the
capital and largest city of Russia; while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and cultural
centre.Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic. The
East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first
East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity
from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the

3. unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the
early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of
Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in
history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and
eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following
the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet
republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. The Soviet Union underwent rapid
industrialisation in the 1930s, amidst the deaths of millions under Joseph Stalin's rule, and later
played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern
Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance
and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant

4. Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human
expedition into outer space.In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet
Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-
presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by
Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an
authoritarian dictatorship. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former
Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine
since 2014. The latter has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian
territory, including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022, during an ongoing invasion.
Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power, possessing the largest stockpile
of nuclear weapons and having the third-highest military expenditure in the world. It has a high-

5. income economy, which is the eleventh-largest in the world by nominal GDP and fourth-largest by
PPP, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; which rank as the second-largest in the world
for oil and natural gas production. However, Russia ranks very low in international measurements of
democracy, human rights and freedom of the press, and also has high levels of perceived corruption.
It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO,
BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as
CIS, CSTO, and EAEU. Russia is home to 32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites .
سور
کلم او لایھپ ںیم ایشیا یلامش روا پروی یقرشم ،نشیرڈیف یسور ای ،سور
ہ
زنوز مئاٹ رایگ روا ، کلم اڑب س بس اک ایند س ظاحل ک بقر ینیمز ی
ہ ےہ ے ے ے ے ہ ۔ےہ

6. یئاتنا کیا ی انٹناب ںیدحرس ینیمز ھتاس ک کلامم دوچ او لایھپ ںیم
ہ ہ ۔ ے ہ ۔ےہ ہ
ںیم ںوقلاع یرش لوس ک سا ، کلم لااو یدابآ یرش
ہ ہ ے ےہ ہ
10 دایز س ھکلا
ہ ے

، قلاع نٹیلوپورٹیم لااو یدابآ دایز س بس اک پروی ،وکسام ںی دنشاب
ہ ہ ے ۔ ہے
ارسود گربزرٹیپ ٹنیس کبج رش اڑب س بس روا تموکحلاراد اک سور
ہ ۔ےہ ہ ے
زکرم یتفاقث روا رش اڑب س بس
۔ےہ ہ ے
س کھتلویلیپ ںیریز قلعت اک یراک دابآ یناسنا رپ نیمزرس یک سور دیدج
۔ےہے
کیا ںیم پروی نایمرد ک یوسیع یدص ںیوھٹآ روا یرسیت ولاس یقرشم
ے
،سور ناویک ،تسایر ولاس یقرشم یلپ رھبا رپ روط ک ورگ دش میلست
ہ ۔ے ے ہ ہ
روا ،یئو ادیپ ںیم یدص ںیون
ہ
988 س تنطلس ینیطنزاب ن سا ،ںیم
ے ے

7. ک وکسام ایگ و رشتنم رخلآاب' سور ناویک ایانپا وک تیئاسیع سکوڈوھترآ
ے ۔ ہ ۔
ںیم جیتن ک سج ،یک تدایق یک داحتا ک ںونیمزرس یسور ن یچڈ ڈنیرگ
ے ے ے ے
1547 ک سور ںیم
ے
Tsardom ،کت لئاوا ک یدص ںیوراھٹا او نلاعا اک
ے ۔ ہ

رپ نامیپ عیسو عیرذ ک ںوششوک یک ںویشلاتم یسور روا ،قاحلا ،حتف سور
ے ے ے
بس یرسیت یک خیرات وج ،او اترک یقرت ںیم تنطلس یسور وج ،اھت اکچ لیھپ
ہ
،مات تنطلس یڑب س
ہ ۔ےہ ے
1917 یک سور ،ھتاس ک بلاقنا یسور ںیم
ے

یسور رخلآاب روا ایگ اید رک متخ وک ینارمکح یاشداب
ہ
SFSR — یلپ یک ایند
ہ

ک یگنج ناخ یسور یل ل گج یک سا ن تسایر ٹسلشوس رپ روط ینیئآ
ے ہ ۔ ے ہ ے

8. یسور ،دعب SFSR مئاق نینوی تیووس ھتاس ک یرومج تیووس رگید نیت ن
ے ہ ہ ے

ن نینوی تیووس اھت وزج یداینب روا اڑب س بس ی ردنا ک سج ،ایک
ے ۔ ے ہ ے
1930
ک ںوتکلا یک ںوگول ںوھکلا ںیم تموکح رود ک نلاٹس فزوج ںیم یئاد یک
ے ہ ے ہ
رپ نامیپ ڑب رپ ذاحم یقرشم ںیم دعب روا ،یک یراک تعنص س یزیت نایمرد
ے ے ے
لصیف یل ک ںویداحتا ںیم میظع گنج یرسود ئو ترک تدایق یک ںوششوک
ہ ے ے ے ہے
نیب روا بلغ یتایرظن ن سا ی ھتاس ک زاغآ ک گنج درس ایک ادا رادرک نک
ہ ے ہ ے ے ۔
تیووس ک یدص ںیوسیبایک لباقم س کیرما یل ک خوسر و رثا یماوقلاا
ے ۔ ہ ے ہ ے ے
ایانب اک ناسنا ںیم نج ،یھکید ںایبایماک یکینکت یسور نیرت ما ھچک ن رود
ہ ے
لماش مم یناسنا یلپ ںیم لاخ ینوریب روا رایس یعونصم لاپ او
۔ےہ ہ ہ ہ ہ ہ

9. 1991 یسور ،ںیم SFSR ک نشیرڈیف یسور س لیلحت یک نینوی تیووس
ے ے

ایک مئاق ماظن یترادص مین یقافو ن سج ،ایگ ایانپا نیئآ این کیا ارھبا رپ روط
۔ ے ۔
سج ، ار بلغ اک نتوپ ریمیدلاو رپ ماظن یسایس ک سور ، س زاغآ ک یدص
ےہ ہ ہ ے ے ے
تیرمآ نارمآ کیا روا اڑپ انرک انماس اک یگدنامسپ یرومج وک کلم تحت ک
ہ ہ ے
ںیم تاعزانت یئک ںیم کلامم رگید روا ںوتسایر تیووس قباس سور یئگ نب
۔
ںیم نج ، ار ثولم رپ روط یرکسع
ےہ ہ
2008 یک سا ھتاس ک ایجراج ںیم
ے

روا گنج 2014 ن رکذلا رخؤم لماش گنج یک سا ھتاس ک نیرکوی س
ے ۔ےہ ے ے

2022 نارود ک لاس کیا یراج ںیم
ے
2014 قلاع ینئارکوی تیمس ایمیرک ںیم
ے

ار ثولم ںیم قاحلا دش میلست ریغ رپ روط یماوقلاا نیب ک
۔ےہ ہ ہ ے

10. تقاط یئاقلاع کیا ی روا اتاج اھجمس تقاط یڑب کیا رپ روط ماع وک سور
ہ ےہ
ایند ساپ ک سا روا ریخذ اڑب س بس اک ںورایھت یروج ساپ ک سج ،
ے ےہہ ے ہ ہ ے ےہ
یندمآ یلعا یک سا ںی تاجارخا یجوف دایز س بس رپ ربمن رسیت ںیم
۔ ہ ہ ے ے
ترک راصحنا رپ لئاسو ک یئاناوت روا یندعم عیسو نپا ک وج ، تشیعم یلاو
ے ے ے ہ ےہ
یپ یپ یپ روا یڑب ںیورایگ یک ایند س ظاحل ک یپ یڈ یج مان ئارب ، ئو
ہ ے ے ے ے ہ
رسود ںیم ایند ںیم راوادیپ یک سیگ یتردق روا لیت وج یڑب یھتوچ یک
ے ۔ےہ
یماوقلاا نیب ک تفاحص یدازآ روا قوقح یناسنا ،تیرومج ،مات رپ ربمن
ے ہ ہ ۔ےہ
یلعا یک یناونعدب ںیم سا روا ، چین تب جرد اک سور ںیم ںونامیپ
ےہے ہ ہ

11. نکر لقتسم اک لسنوک یتملاس یک دحتم ماوقا ی یھب حطس
۔ےہ ہ ہ ۔ےہ
G20 ،
SCO ، BRICS ، APEC ، OSCE ، روا WTO تیووس ٹسوپ روا ؛تسایر نکر یک
سیج ںومیظنت
ے
CIS ، CSTO ، روا EAEU ںیم سور تسایر نکر درکرس یک
۔ ہ

ک وکسینوی
ے
32 ںی ںیگج یک ثرو یتفاقث یملاع
۔ ہ ہ ے

Capital
and largest city
Moscow
55°45′21″N 37°37′02″E
Official and
national
language
Russian
[3]
Recognised
regional
languages
35 regional official languages
[4]
Ethnic groups 
(2021;
including Crimea)
71.7% Russian
3.2% Tatar
1.1% Bashkir
[5] 1.1% Chechen
11.3% other
11.6% not reported
Religion 
(2024)
[6][7]
o64.4% Christianity
 61.8% Russian Orthodoxy
 2.6% other Christian
21.2% no religion
9.5% Islam
1.4% other
[8]
3.5% undeclared
Demonym(s) Russian
Government Federal semi-presidential republic
[9]
 under

12. an authoritarian
[10][11]
 dictatorship
[12][13]
• President Vladimir Putin
• Prime MinisterMikhail Mishustin
Legislature Federal Assembly
• Upper house Federation Council
• Lower house State Duma
Formation
• Kievan Rus' 882
• Vladimir-Suzdal1157
• Principality of
Moscow
1282
• Tsardom of
Russia
16 January 1547
• Russian Empire2 November 1721
• Monarchy
abolished
15 March 1917
• Soviet Union 30 December 1922
• Declaration of
State
Sovereignty
12 June 1990
• Russian
Federation
12 December 1991
• Current
constitution
12 December 1993
• Union State
formed
8 December 1999
Area
• Total 17,098,246 km
2
 (6,601,670 sq mi)
[15]
 (withi
n internationally recognised borders)
• Water (%) 13
[14]
 (including swamps)
Population
• 2024 estimate 146,150,789
[16]
(including Crimea)
[17]
 143,679,916
(excluding Crimea)
(9th)
• Density 8.4/km
2
 (21.8/sq mi) (187th)
GDP (PPP) 2025 estimate
• Total $7.130 trillion
[18]
 (4th)
• Per capita $48,957
[18]
 (43rd)
GDP (nominal) 2025 estimate
• Total $2.196 trillion
[18]
 (11th)
• Per capita $15,077
[18]
 (65th)
Gini (2020) 36.0
[19]
medium inequality
HDI (2022) 0.821
[20]
very high (56th)
Currency Ruble (₽) (RUB)
Time zone UTC+2 to +12
Calling code +7
ISO 3166 RU

13. code
Internet TLD.ru
.рф
.su
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia,officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),[e] is a country in West Asia. Located in
the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about
2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the largest in the Middle
East, and the 12th-largest in the world.It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and
Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain,Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman
to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia

14. from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and
the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The
capital and largest city is Riyadh; other major cities include Jeddah and the two holiest cities in
Islam, Mecca and Medina. With a population of almost 32.2 million, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most
populous country in the Arab world.
Pre-Islamic Arabia, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several
ancient cultures and civilizations; the prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of
human activity outside Africa.Islam, the world's second-largest religion,emerged in what is now Saudi
Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian
Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers
expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and

15. Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the
Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517), and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates,
as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz (also known as Ibn Saud), who united the
regions of Hejaz, Najd, parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and South Arabia (Asir) into a single state
through a series of conquests, beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has since
been an absolute monarchy governed by an authoritarian regime without public input. In its Basic
Law, Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab Islamic state with Islam as its official religion
and Arabic as its official language. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni
Islam was the prevailing political and cultural force in the country until the 2000s.The Saudi

16. government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its intervention in the Yemeni Civil
War, alleged sponsorship of terrorism, and widespread human rights abuses.
Saudi Arabia is considered both a regional and middle power.Since petroleum was discovered in the
country in 1938, the kingdom has become the world's third-largest oil producer and leading oil
exporter, controlling the world's second-largest oil reserves and the sixth-largest gas reserves. Saudi
Arabia is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy and is the only Arab country among the
G20 major economies. The Saudi economy is the largest in the Middle East and the world's nineteenth
largest by nominal GDP and seventeenth largest by PPP. Ranking very high in the Human
Development Index,Saudi Arabia offers tuition-free university education, no personal income tax,and
free universal health care. With its dependency on foreign labour, Saudi Arabia has the world's third-
largest immigrant population. Saudi Arabians are among the world's youngest people, with

17. approximately half being under 25 years old.Saudi Arabia is a member of the Gulf Cooperation
Council, United Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Arab League, and OPEC, as well as a
dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
برع یدوعس
) ،
ٰ
یطسو قرشم کلم کیا اک ایشیا یبرغم برع یدوعس تکلمم رپ روط یراکرس ،برع یدوعس۔ےہ

ً
ابیرقت بقر ینیمز اک سا روا طیحم رپ صح ڑب ک برع امن ریزج ی ،عقاو ںیم طسو کہ ےہ ے ے ے ہ ہ ے
2,150,000 )im qs 000,038( 2mk ، اک
ٰ
یطسو قرشم ،کلم اڑب س بس ںاوچناپ اک ایشیا سا وجے ے

اک ایند روا اڑب س بس
ے
12 قارع ،ندرا ںیم لامش قحلم س رمحا ریحب ی اتانب کلم اڑب ںاو
۔ےہ ے ہ ہ ۔ےہ

؛نامع ںیم قرشم بونج ؛تاراما برع دحتم روا رطق ،نیرحب ،سراف جیلخ ںیم قرشم ؛تیوک روا
ہ
یترک گلا س لیئارسا روا رصم وک برع یدوعس بقع جیلخ ںیم برغم لامش نمی ںیم بونج روا
ے ہ ۔

18. روا لحاس ھتاس ک ںونود سراف جیلخ روا رمحا ریحب ساپ ک سج کلم دحاو برع یدوعس
ےہ ے ہ ے ےہ ۔ےہ
بس روا تموکحلاراد لمتشم رپ ںوڑا پ روا نادیم ،یبیشن ،ارحص کشخ قلاع رت دایز اک سا
۔ےہ ہ ہ ہ
نیدم روا کم ر ش نیرت سدقم ود ک ملاسا روا دج ںیم ںور ش ڑب رسود ضایر ر ش اڑب س
ہ ہ ہ ے ہ ہ ے ے ۔ےہ ہ ے

ًابیرقت ںی لماش۔ ہ
32.2 دایز س بس اھتوچ اک ایند برع برع یدوعس ،ھتاس ک یدابآ یک نیلم
ہ ے ے

کلم لااو یدابآ
۔ےہ
اک ںوبیذ ت روا ںوتفاقث میدق یئک ، اتانب برع یدوعس اک رود دیدج وج قلاع و ،برع ملاسا زا لبق
ہ ےہ ہ ہ
ںیم تاناشن یئادتبا ک ںویمرگرس یناسنا راب س قیرفا خیرات زا لبق یک برع یدوعس اھت ماقم
ے ہ ے ہ ۔
سا ںیم لئاوا ک یدص ںیوتاس ،بذم اڑب س بس ارسود اک ایند ،ملاسا یترک راظ وک ھچک س
ے ہ ے ۔ےہ ہ ے
یک برع امن ریزج ن ملسو یلع للا یلص دمحم ربمغیپ یملاسا برع یدوعس با وج ارھبا گج
ہ ے ہ ہ ۔ےہ ہ
اید لیکشت ماظن یبذم یملاسا دحاو کیا روا ایک دحتم وک یدابآ
۔ ہ
632 سا ،دعب ک توم یک سا ںیم
ے

، قیرفا یلامش ردنا ک ںویئاد یئک ،ید تعسو وک ینارمکح ملسم راب س برع ن ںوراکوریپ ک
ہ ے ہ ہ ے ے ے

19. نو عورش س برع یدوعس ک رود دیدج ایک حتف وک ںوقلاع ک ایریبئآ روا ایشیا یبونج ،یطسو
ے ہ ے ے ۔ ے
( نیدشار ن ںونادناخ برع یلاو
ے
632 – 661 ( یوما ،) 661 – 750 ( یسابع ،) 750 – 1517 یمطاف روا ،)
( 909 – 1171 داینب یک ںونادناخ رگید ددعتم ںیم پروی روا قیرفا ،ایشیا ھتاس ھتاس ک تفلاخ )
ہ ے

داینب یک برع یدوعسیھکر
۔
1932 ،اھت اھکر ن ) اتاج ا ک یھب دوعس نبا سج( زیزعلادبع اش ںیم
ے ےہ ہ ے ہ

وک ںوقلاع ک )ریسع( برع یبونج روا )ءاسحلاا( ںوصح ھچک ک برع یقرشم ،دجن ،زاجح ن سج
ے ے ے
زاغآ اک سج ،ایک دحتم ںیم تسایر کیا عیرذ ک لسلس کیا ک تاحوتف
ے ے ے ے
1902 ضبق رپ ضایر ںیم
ے

کیا ریغب ک ئار یماوع رپ سج ار تاشداب نانعلا قلطم کیا س بت برع یدوعس او ھتاس ک
ے ے ےہ ہ ہ ے ۔ ہ ے
تسایر یملاسا برع راتخمدوخ کیا وک دوخ برع یدوعس ،ںیم نوناق یداینب نپا تموکح نارمآ
ے ۔ےہ ہ
یراکرس یک سا وک یبرع روا بذم یراکرس اک سا وک ملاسا ںیم سج اترک نایب رپ روط ک
ہ ےہ ے
کیرحت یبذم یباو دنسپ تمادق یئا تنا ردنا ک ملاسا ینس ایگ اید رارق نابز
ہ ہ ہ ے ۔ےہ
2000 یئاد یک
ہ

،تلخادم ںیم یگنج ناخ یک نمی ن تموکح یدوعس یھت توق یتفاقث روا یسایس ںیم کلم کت
ہ ے ۔

20. فلتخم یسیج ںویزرو فلاخ رپ نامیپ عیسو یک قوقح یناسنا روا ،یتسرپرس نیبم یک یدرگ تشد
ے ہ ہ
اتاج اھجمس تقاط ینایمرد روا یئاقلاع وک برع یدوعس ایانب ناشن اک دیقنت یل ک ںویسیلاپ
۔ےہ ۔ےہ ہ ے ے
س بج
ے
1938 نرک ادیپ لیت اڑب س بس ارسیت اک ایند تکلمم ،او تفایرد میلورٹیپ ںیم کلم ںیم
ے ے ہ

رئاخذ ک لیت ڑب س بس رسود ک ایند وج ، ایگ نب کلم اڑب س بس لااو نرک دمآرب لیت روا لااو
ے ے ے ے ے ےہ ے ے
یلاو یندمآ یلعا یک کنیب یملاع وک برع یدوعس اترک لورٹنک وک رئاخذ ڑب ٹھچ ک سیگ روا
۔ےہ ے ے ے
و روا ایگ ایک یدنب جرد رپ روط ک تشیعم
ہ ےہ ہ ے
G20 یدوعس کلم برع دحاو ںیم ںوتشیعم یڑب
۔ےہ

یڑب ںیوسینا یک ایند س ظاحل ک یپ یڈ یج مان ئارب روا یڑب س بس یک
ٰ
یطسو قرشم تشیعمے ے ے ے
برع یدوعس ،گنکنیر یچنوا ت ب ںیم سکیڈنا ٹنمپلیوڈ نموی یڑب ںیورتس یک یپ یپ یپ روا
ہ ہ۔ےہ
اترک شیپ رئیک ھتلی لسروینوی تفم روا ،سکیٹ مکنا یتاذ یئوک ،میلعت یک یٹسروینوی یرف نشویٹ
ہ
نطو نیکرات یڑب س بس یرسیت یک ایند برع یدوعس ،ھتاس ک راصحنا رپ ںورودزم یکلم ریغ
ے ے ۔ےہ
فصن
ًابیرقت س ںیم نج ،ںی لماش ںیم دارفا رمع مک س بس ک ایند برع یدوعس اتھکر یدابآے ہ ے ے ۔ےہ

21. رمع یک 25 ،میظنت نواعت یملاسا ، دحتم ماوقا ،لسنوک نواعت جیلخ برع یدوعس مک س لاس
ہ ۔ےہ ے

رنٹراپ گلایئاڈ کیا اک میظنت نواعت یئاھگنش زین ، نکر اک کیپوا روا گیل برع
ےہ ےہ
Capital
and
largest
city
Riyadh
24°39′N 46°
46′E
Official 
langua
ges
Arabic
[5]
Demon
ym(s)
Saudi
Saudi
Arabian
Govern
ment
Unitary
Islamic absol
ute monarchy
• King Salman
• Crown
Prince 
Mohammed
bin Salman
and Pri
me
Minister
Legisla
ture
None
[b]
Establishment
• Emirat
e of
Diriyah
1727
• Emirat
e of
Nejd
1824
• Emirat
e of
Riyadh
13 January
1902
• Unificat
ion
23
September

22. 1932
• Current
constitu
tion
31 January
1992
Area
• Total2,149,690
[8]
 k
m
2
 (830,000 s
q mi) (12th)
• Water (
%)
0.0
Population
• 2025 c
ensus
 34,566,32
8
[9][10]
 (48th)
• Density15/km
2
 (38.8/
sq mi) (174th)
GDP 
(PPP)
2024 estimat
e
• Total $2.112
trillion
[11]
 
(17th)
• Per
capita
 $63,117
[11]
 
(15th)
GDP (n2024 estimat
ominal)e
• Total $1.100
trillion
[11]
 
(19th)
• Per
capita
 $32,881
[11]
 
(34th)
Gini (2
013)
 45.9
[12]
medium
inequality
HDI (20
22)
 0.875
[13]
very
high (40th)
Curren
cy
Saudi
riyal (SR)
[c]
 
(SAR)
Time
zone
UTC+3 (AST)
Calling
code
+966
ISO
3166
code
SA

23. Interne
t TLD
.saةيدوعسلا.
Singapore
Singapore,officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia.
The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying
islet. It is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the
southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait
to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits
of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north.
In its early history, Singapore was a maritime emporium known as Temasek and subsequently a major
constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819,

24. when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In
1867, Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During
World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a Crown
colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963,
became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak.
Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore
became an independent sovereign country in 1965. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking
natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian
Tigers.As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest PPP-adjusted GDP per capita. It is
also identified as a tax haven. Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit
rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and

25. has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign
workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life,
personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans
enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality
rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world. It has the third highest population density of any
country, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of urban planning.
With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the major ethnic groups
within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil.
English is the common language, with exclusive use in numerous public services. Multi-racialism is
enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies.Singapore is a parliamentary
republic and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is de jure a multi-party

26. democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party (PAP) wields
widespread control and political dominance. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore
is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic
Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events.
Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia
Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
CapitalSingapore
(city-state)
[a]
1°17′N 103°5
0′E
Larges
t plann
ing
area b
y
populat
Tampines
[1]

27. ion
Officia
l
langua
ges
English
Malay
Mandarin
Tamil
Nation
al
langua
ge
Malay
Ethnic 
group
s 
(2023)
[b]
o74.3% Chines
e
o13.5% Malay
o9.0% Indian
o3.2% other
Religio
n 
(2020)
[c]
31.1% Buddhi
sm
20.0% no
religion
18.9% Christi
anity
15.6% Islam
8.8% Taoism

28. 5.0% Hinduis
m
0.6% other
Demo
nym(s)
Singaporean
Gover
nment
Unitary parlia
mentary
republic
• Presid
ent
Tharman
Shanmugarat
nam
• Prime
Ministe
r
Lawrence
Wong
Legisl
ature
Parliament
Independence 
from the United
Kingdom and Malaysia
• Self-
govern
ance
3 June 1959
• Malays16 September
ia
Agree
ment
1963
• Procla
mation
of
Singap
ore
9 August
1965
Area
• Total735.6 km
2
 (28
4.0 sq mi)
[4]
 
(176th)
Population
• 2024
estimat
e
 6,040,000
[d]
 
(113th)
• Densit
y
7,804/km
2
 (20
,212.3/sq mi)
(3rd)
GDP 
(PPP)
2024 estimate
• Total $879.9
billion
[6]
 (35th)
• Per  $148,186
[6]
 

29. capita(2nd) GDP (n
ominal)
2024 estimate

30. • Total $530.7
billion
[6]
 (28th)
• Per
capita
 $89,370
[6]
 
(5th)
Gini (2
023)
 43.3
[7]
medium
inequality
HDI (2
022)
 0.949
[8]
very high (9th)
Curren
cy
Singapore
dollar (S$)
(SGD)
Time
zone
UTC+8 (SGT)
Date
format
dd-mm-yyyy
(AD) 
[e]
Calling
code
+65
ISO
3166
code
SG
Interne
t TLD
.sg
South Korea
South Korea,officially the Republic of Korea (ROK),is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the
southern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized
Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan to the east. Like North Korea, South Korea

31. claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a
population of 51.71 million, of which half live in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, the ninth most populous
metropolitan area in the world; other major cities include Busan, Daegu, and Incheon.
The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period. Its first kingdom was
noted in Chinese records in the early seventh century BCE. From the mid first century BCE,various
polities consolidated into the rival kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, with the lattermost
unifying the peninsula for the first time in the late seventh century CE. The Goryeo dynasty (918–
1392) achieved lasting unification and established the basis for modern Korean identity. The
subsequent Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) saw the height of cultural, economic, and scientific
achievement as well as prolonged peace and isolationism from the mid 17th century. The succeeding
Korean Empire (1897–1910) sought modernization and reform by was annexed in 1910 into the

32. Empire of Japan. Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which
Korea was divided into two zones: a northern zone, which was occupied by the Soviet Union, and a
southern zone, which was occupied by the United States. After negotiations on reunification failed, the
southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the
communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea the following month.
In 1950, a North Korean invasion triggered the Korean War, one of the first major proxy conflicts of
the Cold War, which saw extensive fighting involving the American-led United Nations Command and
the Soviet-backed People's Volunteer Army from China. The war ended in 1953 with an armistice but
no peace treaty, leading to the ongoing Korean conflict, and left three million Koreans dead and the
economy in ruins. South Korea endured a series of dictatorships punctuated by coups, revolutions,
and violent uprisings, but also experienced a soaring economy and one of the fastest rises in average

33. GDP per capita, leading to its emergence as one of the Four Asian Tigers. The June Democratic
Struggle of 1987 ended authoritarian rule and led to the establishment of the current Sixth Republic.
South Korea is now considered among the most advanced democracies in continental and East Asia.
Under the 1987 constitution, it maintains a unitary presidential republic with a popularly elected
unicameral legislature, the National Assembly. South Korea is a major non-NATO ally of the United
States and is regarded as a regional power in East Asia and an emerging power in global affairs; its
conscription-based armed forces are ranked as one of the strongest in the world and have the second
highest number of military and paramilitary personnel. A highly developed country, 2025, South
Korea's economy is ranked 12th largest in the world by nominal GDP and PPP-adjusted GDP is
ranked 14th largest in the world. it is the world's eleventh-largest exporter and seventh-largest
importer.South Korea performs well in metrics of education, human development, democratic
governance, and innovation. Its citizens enjoy one of the world's longest life expectances and access to
some of the fastest Internet connection speeds and densest high-speed railway networks. Since the turn
of the 21st century, the country has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly
in music, TV dramas, and cinema, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean Wave. South Korea is a
member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, the G20, the IPEF, and the Paris Club.

34. یرومج رپ روط یراکرس ،ایروک یبونج
ہ ہ
ایروک
یلامش روا لمتشم رپ صح فصن یبونج ک ایروک امن ریزج ی کلم کیا اک ایشیا یقرشم
ےہ ے ے ہ ہ ۔ےہ
یجوف ریغ ک ایروک ںیدحرس یک ایروک
ے
ایروک یلامش ںی یتلم ھتاس ک ناپاج ریحب ںیم قرشم روا درز ریحب ںیم برغم ،ھتاس ک نوز
۔ ہ ے ہ ہ ے
اترک
ٰیوعد اک نو تموکح ینوناق دحاو یک رئازج قحلم روا امن ریزج روپ ایروک یبونج ،حرط یکے ہ ہ ہ ے
یدابآ یک سا
۔ےہ
51.71 ایند وج ،ںی تر ںیم ایریا نٹیلوپورٹیم لویس فصن س ںیم سج ، نیلم
ہےہ ے ےہ

روا وگیئاڈ ،ناسوب ںیم ںور ش ڑب رسود قلاع نٹیلوپورٹیم لااو یدابآ دایز س بس ںاون اک
ہ ے ے ۔ےہہ ہ ے
یاشداب یل پ یک سا اھت دابآ ی ںیم لئاوا ک رود کھتلویلیپ رئول ایروک امن ریزجںی لماش نویچنا
ہ ہ ۔ ہ ے ہ ۔ ہ
حیسم لبق یدص یل پ اھت ایگ ایک ںیم لئاوا ک حیسم لبق یدص ںیوتاس ںیم ںوڈراکیر ینیچ رکذ اک
ہ ۔ ے
،ایگ ایک اجکی وک ںویسیلاپ فلتخم ںیم ںوتسایر فیرح یک لایس روا ، جکئاب ،ویروگوگ ، س طسو ک
ے ے ے

35. ( نادناخ ویروگ ایک دحتم وک امن ریزج راب یل پ ںیم رخآ ک یوسیع یدص ںیوتاس دعب ک سج
۔ ہ ہ ے ے
918 –
1392 نادناخ نوزوج ںیم دعب یک مئاق داینب یک تخانش یئایروک دیدج روا ایک لصاح داحتا اپرید ن )
۔ ے

( 1392 – 1897 ن )
ے
17 ھتاس ھتاس ک ںویبایماک یسنئاس روا یداصتقا ،یتفاقث س طسو ک یدص ںیو
ے ے ے

( تنطلس یئایروک یلاو نآ ںیم دعب اھکید وک یدنسپ یئا نت روا نما لیوط
ے ۔ ہ
1897 - 1910 دیدج ن )
ے

سج یک ششوک یک تاحلاصا روا یراک
ے
1910 ایگ ایل رک لماش ںیم تنطلس یک ناپاج ںیم
۔

ایروک دعب ک سج ،یئگ و متخ ینارمکح یناپاج دعب ک نلاڈ رایھت ک ناپاج ںیم میظع گنج یرسود
ے ہ ے ے ہے
کیا روا ،اھت ضبق اک نینوی تیووس رپ سج ، قلاع یلامش کیا :ایگ اید رک میسقت ںیم ںوقلاع ود وک
ہ ہ
نوز یبونج ،دعب ک نو ماکان تارکاذم رپ داحتا رابود اھت ضبق اک کیرما رپ سج ،نوز یبونج
ے ے ہ ہ ۔ ہ ہ
تسگا 1948 زلپیپ کٹیرکومیڈ ٹسنویمک نی م لگا نوز یلامش کبج ،ایگ نب ایروک یرو مج ںیم
ے ہ ے ہ ہ ہ

ایگ نب ایروک فآ کلبپیر
۔
1950 درس وج ،اید منج وک گنج یئایروک ن لمح ک ایروک یلامش ،ںیم
ے ے ے

یک دحتم ماوقا تدایق ریز یکیرما ںیم سج ،اھت کیا س ںیم تاعزانت یسکارپ ڑب ل پ ک گنج
ہ ے ے ےہ ے

36. یئآ ںیم نھکید یئاڑل عیسو نایمرد ک جوف راکاضر یماوع تفای تیامح تیووس یک نیچ روا نامک
۔ ے ے ہ
گنج ی
ہ
1953 ںیم جیتن ک سج ،او ںی ن داعم نما یئوک نکیل یئو متخ ھتاس ک یدنب گنج ںیم
ے ے ہ ہ ہ ہ ہ ے

ن ایروک یبونج یئگ و ابت تشیعم روا کلا یئایروک ھکلا سیت روا ،او عورش عزانت یئایروک یراج
ے ۔ ہہ ہ ہ ہ
ھتاس نکیل ،ایک تشادرب لسلس کیا اک ںوتیرمآ س جو یک ںوتواغب ددشترپ روا تابلاقنا ،ںوتواغب
ہ ے ہ
طسوا سک یف روا ایک برجت یھب اک تشیعم یئو یتھڑب کیا ی
ہ ہ ہ
GDP فاضا س یزیت س بس ںیم
ہ ے ے

نوج ارھبا رپ روط ک کیا س ںیم زرگیئاٹ یئایشیا راچ ی س جو یک سج ،او
۔ ے ے ہ ے ہ ہ
1987 یرو مج یک
ہ

یبونجایلا ںیم لمع مایق اک یرو مج یٹھچ دوجوم روا ایک متاخ اک ینارمکح نارمآ ن د جودج
۔ ہ ہ ہ ہ ہ ے ہ
اتاج ایک رامش ںیم ںوتیرو مج تفای یقرت س بس یک ایشیا یقرشم روا مظعارب با وک ایروک
۔ےہ ہ ہ ے
1987 لوبقم کیا ںیم سج اتھکر رارقرب وک یرو مج یترادص دحاو کیا ی ،تحت ک نیئآ ک
ےہ ہ ہ ہ ے ے

سا روا یداحتا وٹین ریغ اڑب کیا اک کیرما ایروک یبونج یلبمسا یموق ، ننقم یناویا کی بختنم
ے ےہ ہ ۔ےہ ہ
اناج رپ روط ک تقاط یئو یترھبا ںیم تلاماعم یملاع روا تقاط یئاقلاع کیا ںیم ایشیا یقرشم
ے ہ

37. روا اتاج ایک رامش ںیم جاوفا نیرت طوبضم یک ایند وک جاوفا حلسم ینبم رپ یترھب یک سا اتاج
ےہ ۔ےہ
،کلم تفای یقرت یئا تنا کیا رپ ربمن رسود دادعت یک ںوراکلا یجوف مین روا یجوف ساپ ک نا
ہ ہ ۔ےہ ے ہ ے
2025 ںیم ایند س ظاحل ک یپ یڈ یج مان ئارب تشیعم یک ایروک یبونج ،
ے ے ے
12 روا رپ ربمن ںیو
ےہ

PPP دش ٹسجڈیا س
ہ ے
GDP ںیم ایند 14 دننک دمآرب اڑب س بس ںاورایگ اک ایند ی رپ ربمن ںیو
ہ ے ہ ہ ۔ےہ

،ینارمکح زرط یرو مج ،یقرت یناسنا ،میلعت ایروک یبونج دننک دمآرد اڑب س بس ںاوتاس روا
ہ ۔ےہہ ے
یگدنز نیرت لیوط یک ایند یر ش ک سا اترک راظم اک یگدرکراک یھچا ںیم یزارط تدج روا
ہ ے ۔ےہ ہ ہ
س بس روا راتفر نیرت زیت یک نشکنک ٹینرٹنا روا ںی تو زودنا فطل س کیا س ںیم تاعقوت یک
ے ہے ہ ے ے
ںی ترک لصاح یئاسر کت سکرو ٹین ولیر راتفر زیت دایز
۔ ہے ے ہ
21 نپا کلم ی ، س زاغآ ک یدص ںیو
ے ہ ے ے

روا ںومارڈ یو یٹ ،یقیسوم رپ روط صاخ ، ار رو شم یل ک رچلک پاپ رثااب رپ حطس یملاع
ےہ ہ ہ ے ے
ایروک یبونج اتاج ا ک ویو نیروک سج ناحجر اسیا کیا ،ںیم امینس
۔ےہ ہ ے
OECD

38. نکر اک ،یٹیمک یدادما یتایقرت یک
ےہ
G20 ، IPEF ، نکر اک بلک سریپ روا
۔ےہ

Capital
and
largest
city
Seoul
37°33′N 126
°58′E
Administ
rative ce
nter
Sejong City
[a]
36.487002°N
127.282234°
E
Official l
anguage
s
Korean 
(Pyojuneo)
Korean Sign
Language
[1]
Official
script
Hangul
Ethnic gr
oups 
(2019)
[2]
95.1% Korea
n
4.9% other
Religion 
(2024)
[3]
51% no
religion
31% Christian
ity
[b]
17% Buddhis
m
2% other
Demony
m(s)
South Korean
Korean
Govern
ment
Unitary presid
ential republic
• PresidentYoon Suk
Yeol (Powers
& duties
suspended)
Choi Sang-
mok (acting)
• Prime
Minister
Han Duck-
soo (Powers
& duties
suspended)
Choi Sang-
mok (acting)
• Speaker
of the
Woo Won-
shik

39. National
Assembly
• Chief
Justice of
the
Supreme
Court
Cho Hee-dae
• President
of the
Constituti
onal
Court
Moon
Hyungbae (ac
ting)
Legislat
ure
National
Assembly
Establishment history
• Gojoseo
n
October 3,
2333 BCE
(mythological)
• Three
Kingdom
s
57 BCE
• Balhae
and Silla
Kingdom
s
668
• Goryeo d
ynasty
July 25, 918
• Joseon d
ynasty
August 13,
1392
• Korean
Empire
October 12,
1897
• Japanes
e
annexatio
n
August 29,
1910
• Independ
ence
from
Japan
declared
March 1,
1919
• Provision
al
Governm
ent
April 11, 1919
• Liberatio
n from
Japanese
occupatio
n
August 15,
1945
• US
administr
ation of
Korea
south of
September 8,
1945

40. the 38th
parallel
• ROK
establish
ed
August 15,
1948
• Current
constituti
on
February 25,
1988
Area
• Excl.
North
Korea
100,363
[4][5][6]
 
km
2
 (38,750 s
q mi) (107th)
• Water (%
)
0.3
Population
• 2024
estimate
 52,081,799
[7]
 
(28th)
• Density507/km
2
 (1,31
3.1/sq mi)
(15th)
GDP 
(PPP)
2024 estimate
• Total $3.258
trillion
[8]
 (14th)
• Per
capita
 $62,960
[8]
 
(28th)
GDP (no
minal)
2024 estimate
• Total $1.869
trillion
[8]
 (12th)
• Per
capita
 $36,131
[8]
 
(30th)
Gini (202
1)
 33.3
[6]
medium
inequality
HDI (202
2)
 0.929
[9]
very
high (19th)
Currenc
y
Korean
Republic
won ( )
₩
(KRW)
Time
zone
UTC+9 
(Korea
Standard
Time)
Date
format
yyyy년 m월 d
일
yyyy. m. d.
(CE)
Calling +82

41. code
ISO 3166
code
KR
Internet
TLD
.kr
.한국