MS SAJJDALODHI NOTES FROM IGCSE EXAM TOPIC ASIAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR PHYSIOGRAPHY.docx
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About This Presentation
Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
Last 06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
According the Alphabet
Turkey
Turkey,officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace ...
Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
Last 06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
According the Alphabet
Turkey
Turkey,officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turks, while ethnic Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Officially a secular state, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya.
First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to various ancient peoples. The Hattians were assimilated by the Hittites and other Anatolian peoples. Classical Anatolia transitioned into cultural Hellenization after Alexander the Great's conquests, and later Romanization during the Roman and Byzantine eras. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the Turkification process. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities. Beginning in 1299, the Ottomans united the principalities and expanded. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power.
From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes, reforms, centralization, and rising nationalism while its territory declined. The Ottoman entry into World War I was followed by defeat and partitioning. The end of the Ottoman Empire was accompanied by mass displacement and large-scale loss of human life. The Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the sultanate and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey emerged as a more homogenous nation state.The Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in the Korean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system.
Turkey is an upper-middle-income and emerging country; its economy is the world's 17th-largest by nominal and 12th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. It is a unitary presidential republic. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD, G20, and Organization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is an emerging power and an early member of NATO. An EU candidate, Turkey is part of the EU Customs Union, CoE, OIC, and TURKSOY.
Turkey has coastal plains, a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges; its
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Language: en
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Slide Content
Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
Last 06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
According the Alphabet
Turkey
Turkey,officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a
relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north;
Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the
south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million
people; most are ethnic Turks, while ethnic Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Officially a secular
state, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city.
Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya.
First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to
various ancient peoples. The Hattians were assimilated by the Hittites and other Anatolian peoples.
Classical Anatolia transitioned into cultural Hellenization after Alexander the Great's conquests, and
later Romanization during the Roman and Byzantine eras. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into
Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the Turkification process. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled
Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities.
Beginning in 1299, the Ottomans united the principalities and expanded. Mehmed II conquered
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the
Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power.
From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes, reforms, centralization, and rising nationalism
while its territory declined. The Ottoman entry into World War I was followed by defeat and
partitioning. The end of the Ottoman Empire was accompanied by mass displacement and large-scale
loss of human life. The Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the sultanate and the
signing of the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey emerged as a more homogenous nation state.The Republic
was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by the country's first president,
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in
the Korean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system.
Turkey is an upper-middle-income and emerging country; its economy is the world's 17th-largest by
nominal and 12th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. It is a unitary presidential republic. Turkey is a
founding member of the OECD, G20, and Organization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically
significant location, Turkey is an emerging power and an early member of NATO. An EU candidate,
Turkey is part of the EU Customs Union, CoE, OIC, and TURKSOY.
Turkey has coastal plains, a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges; its climate is
temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three biodiversity hotspots, Turkey is prone
to frequent earthquakes and is highly vulnerable to climate change. Turkey has a universal healthcare
system, growing access to education, and increasing levels of innovativeness. It is a leading TV
content exporter.With numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage
inscriptions, and a rich and diverse cuisine, Turkey is the fifth most visited country in the world.
یبرغم رپ روط یداینب وج کلم کیا ،یکرت یرومج رپ روط یراکرس ،یکرت
ےہ ہ ہ
یقرشم بونج صح اٹوھچ
ًاتبسن اک سج ، عقاو ںیم یلوطانا ںیم ایشیاہ ےہ ہ
س دوسا ریحب ںیم لامش دحرس یک سا اتلاک سیرھت ٹسیا ںیم پروی
ے ہ ۔ےہ ہ
روا ،ماش ،قارع ؛ناریا ںیم قرشم روا ،ناجیئابرذآ ،اینیمرآ ،ایجراج یتلم
۔ےہ
یکرت یراغلب ںیم برغم روا نانوی ،نئیجیا ریحب روا ؛ںیم بونج مور ریحب
۔ہ ہ ہ
85 درک یلسن کبج ،ںی کرت یلسن رت دایز رھگ اک ںوگول دایز س نیلم
ہ ہ ہ ۔ےہ ہ ے
CapitalAnkara
39°55′N 32
°51′E
Larges
t city
Istanbul
41°1′N 28°
57′E
Official
langua
ges
Turkish
[2][3]
Spoke
n
langua
ges
Predominan
tly
Turkish
[4]
show
List
Ethnic
groups
(2016)
[5]
70–75% Tur
kish
19% Kurdis
h
6–11% othe
r
minorities
DemonTurkish
ym(s)Turk
Govern
ment
Unitary pres
idential
republic
• Presid
ent
Recep
Tayyip
Erdoğan
• Vice
Preside
nt
Cevdet
Yılmaz
• Assem
bly
Speake
r
Numan
Kurtulmuş
• Chief
Justice
Kadir
Özkaya
Legisla
ture
Grand
National
Assembly
Establishment
• Ottoma
n
c.
1299
Empire
• War
of
Indepe
ndence
19
May
1919
• Govern
ment
of
the
Grand
Nationa
l
Assem
bly
23
April
1920
• Sultan
ate
abolish
ed
1
November
1922
• Treaty
of
Lausan
ne
24
July
1923
• Republ
ic
declare
29
October
1923
d
• Current
constitu
tion
9
November
1982
[6]
Area
• Total783,562 k
m
2
(302,535
sq mi)
(36th)
• Water (
%)
2.03
[7]
Population
• Decem
ber
(54th)
GDP (n
ominal)
2024 estima
te
• Total $1.344
trillion
[10]
(17th)
• Per
capita
$15,666
[10]
(64th)
Gini (2
019)
41.9
[11]
medium
inequality
HDI (20 0.855
[12]
22) very
high (45th)
Curren
cy
Turkish
lira (₺)
(TRY)
Time
zone
UTC+3
(TRT)
Calling
code
+90
ISO
3166
code
TR
Interne
t TLD
.tr
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest,
Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and
southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.A shgabat is the capital and largest city. It is one of the six
independent Turkic states. With a population over 7 million, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous
country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the
most sparsely populated nations on the Asian continent.
Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the
oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one
of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the
Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central
Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet
Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
1991.
The country is widely criticized for its poor human rights, including for its treatment of minorities,
and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union
in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life
Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in
2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic
election (he had been vice-president and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who
won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor
fair, and now shares power with his father.Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of
natural gas.Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. From 1993 to 2019, citizens
received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge.Turkmenistan is an
observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, the Türksoy community and a member of the
United Nations.
ںیم برغم لامش دحرس یک سج کلم ارھگ س یکشخ کیا اک ایشیا یطسو ناتسنامکرت
ےہ ے
روا بونج ،ناتسناغفا ںیم قرشم بونج ،ناتسکبزا ںیم قرشم لامش روا قرشم ،لامش ،ناتسقزاق
روا یٹنویمک ئوسکرت ،میظنت یک ںوتسایر کرت ناتسنامکرت یتلم تفم سیگ یتردق روا یناپ
ے ۔ےہ
نکر اک دحتم ماوقا
ےہ ہ
Capital
and
largest city
Ashgabat
37°58′N 58°20′E
Official languag
es
Turkmen
[3]
Ethnic groups
(2022)
[4]
86.7% Turkmens
9.1% Uzbeks
1.6% Russians
1.2% Baloch
1.3% others
Religion
(2020)
[5]
95.8% Islam
3.0% No
religion
1.1% Christianity
0.1% Other
Demonym(s) Turkmenistani
[6]
Turkmen
[7]
Government Unitary presidential
republic
under
a totalitarian hereditary
dictatorship
[8][9]
• President Serdar
Berdimuhamedow
• Vice
President
Raşit
Meredow
• Chairman
of
the People's
Council
Gurbanguly
Berdimuhamedow
• Chairperson
of
the
Assembly
Dünýägözel
Gulmanowa
Legislature Assembly
Establishment
• Turkmen
Soviet
Socialist
Republic
13
May 1925
• Declared
independence
from
the
Soviet
Union
22
August 1990
• Recognized 26
December 1991
• Current
constitution
18
May 1992
Area
• Total 491,210 km
2
(189,660 sq mi)
[10]
(52nd)
• Water 24,069 km
2
(9,293 sq mi)
• Water (%) 4.9
Population
• 2022
[11]
census 7,057,841
• Density 14.4/km
2
(37.3/sq mi)
(
221st)
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
• Total $126.132
billion
[12]
(93rd)
• Per
capita
$19,938
[12]
(80th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total $81.822
billion
[12]
• Per
capita
$12,934
[12]
Gini (1998) 40.8
medium
inequality
HDI (2022) 0.744
[13]
high (94th)
Currency Manat (TMT)
Time zone
UTC+05:00 (TMT)
Calling code +993
ISO 3166 code TM
The United Arab Emirates (UAE),
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates,is a country in West Asia, in the Middle
East, at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a federal elective monarchy made up of seven
emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as its capital. It shares land borders with Oman to the east and
northeast, and with Saudi Arabia to the southwest; as well as maritime borders in the Persian Gulf
with Qatar and Iran, and with Oman in the Gulf of Oman. As of 2024, the UAE has an estimated
population of over 10 million, of which 11% are Emiratis; Dubai is its most populous city and is an
international hub. Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language, while English is the
most spoken language and the language of business.
The United Arab Emirates oil and natural gas reserves are the world's seventh and seventh-largest,
respectively.Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president,
oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and
infrastructure. The country has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC).In the 21st century, the UAE has become less reliant on oil and gas and
is economically focusing on tourism and business. The UAE is considered a middle power. It is also a
member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-
Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization, and BRICS. The UAE is also a dialogue partner of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, ranking only 6.06 in the
human freedom index, citing reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families
harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances. Individual rights such
as the freedoms of assembly, association, expression, and the freedom of the press are severely
repressed.
فرص ںیم سکیڈنا ک یدازآ یناسنا ،ںی یتھجمس یرایعم ریغ
ے ہ
6.06 یک
یتسایر ، ناج ئانب ناشن اک ددشت روا دیق وک نیدقان یتموکح ، یدنب جرد
ے ے ہ ےہ ہ
یربج روا ،ںونادناخ لاو ناج یک ںاسار عیرذ ک تلاآ ک یٹروکیس
ے ے ے ہے ے ے
یک یلبمسا ک سیج قوقح یدارفنا . ئو تید لاوح اک تاعقاو ک ںویگدشمگ
ہ ے ے ہے ہ ے
اتاج ایابد دیدش وک یدازآ یک سیرپ روا ئار راظا ،نمجنا ،یدازآ
۔ےہ ے ہ
CapitalAbu
Dhabi
24°28′N 5
4°22′E
Largest
city
Dubai
25°15′N 5
5°18′E
Official l
anguage
Arabic
[1]
s
Common
languag
es
Emirati
Arabic, Engl
ish
[a]
Ethnic gr
oups
(2015)
[4]
59.4% Sout
h
Asian
38.2
% Indian
9.5%
Bangladesh
i
9.4%
Pakistani
2.3%
other
11.6% Emir
ati
Arab
10.2% Egyp
tian
6.1% Filipin
o
12.8% other
Religion
(2020)
[4]
74.5% Isla
m (official)
63.3
% Sunni
Islam
6.7%
Shia
Islam
4.4%
other
12.9% Chri
stianity
6.2% Hindui
sm
3.2% Budd
hism
1.3% Agnos
ticism
1.9% other
Demony
m(s)
Emirati
[4]
Govern
ment
Federal
Islamic sem
i-
constitution
al
monarchy
[5]
[6][7]
• Presiden
t
Mohamed
bin
Zayed
Al
Nahyan
• Prime
Minister
Mohammed
bin
Rashid
Al
Maktoum
• Vice
President
Mohammed
bin
Rashid
s Al
Maktoum
Mansour
bin
Zayed
Al
Nahyan
Legislat
ure
Federal
Supreme
Council
Establishment
• British
protector
ate as
part
of Trucial
States
1820
and
1892
• Independ
ence fro
m
the
United
Kingdom
2
December
1971
• Admissio
n
of
Ras
Al
Khaimah
10
February
1972
Area
• Total 83,600 km
2
(32,300 sq
mi)
(
114th)
• Water (%negligible
) Population
• 2024
estimate
11,027,12
9
[8]
• 2005 cen
sus
4,106,427
• Density132/km
2
(34
1.9/sq mi)
GDP
(PPP)
2024 estim
ate
• Total $849.8
billion
[9]
(34th)
• Per
capita
$77,251
[9]
(14th)
GDP (no
minal)
2024 estim
ate
• Total $545.1
billion
[9]
(26th)
• Per
capita
$49,550
[9]
(21st)
Gini (201
8)
26
[10][11]
low
inequality
HDI (202
2)
0.937
[12]
very
high (17th)
Currenc
y
UAE
dirham
(AED)
Time
zone
UTC+04:00
(GST)
Calling
code
+971
ISO 3166
code
AE
Internet
TLD
.ae
تاراما.
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan,officially the Republic of Uzbekistan,is a doubly landlocked country
located in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five countries: Kazakhstan to the
north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to
the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, making it one of only two doubly
landlocked countries on Earth, the other being Liechtenstein. Uzbekistan is
part of the Turkic world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic
States. Uzbek, spoken by the Uzbek people, is the official language and spoken
by the majority of its inhabitants, while Russian and Tajik are significant
minority languages. Islam is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are
Sunni Muslims.
The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were
Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in
Khwarazm, Bactria, and Sogdia in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as
Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD.The area was
incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-
Bactrian rule and later by the Sasanian Empire, until the Muslim conquest of
Persia in the seventh century. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent
Samanid Empire converted most of the people into adherents of Islam. During
this period, cities began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a centre
of the Islamic Golden Age. The local Khwarazmian dynasty was destroyed by
the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol
peoples. Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century established the Timurid
Empire. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under
the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. The territories
of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Kipchak Shaybanids in the 16th
century. Conquests by Emperor Babur towards the east led to the foundation of
the Mughal Empire in India. Most of Central Asia was gradually incorporated
into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the
political centre of Russian Turkestan. In 1924, national delimitation created the
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. It declared
independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991.
Uzbekistan is a secular state, with a semi-presidential constitutional
government. Uzbekistan comprises 12 regions (vilayats), Tashkent City, and
one autonomous republic, Karakalpakstan. While non-governmental
organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited
civil rights", significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, Shavkat
Mirziyoyev, have been made following the death of the first president, Islam
Karimov. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan have drastically improved. A United
Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's
Sustainable Development Goals.
The Uzbek economy is in a gradual transition to the market economy, with
foreign trade policy being based on import substitution. In September 2017, the
country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a
major producer and exporter of cotton. With the gigantic power-generation
facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of natural gas, Uzbekistan
has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia.From 2018 to 2021,
the republic received a BB− sovereign credit rating by both Standard and Poor
(S&P) and Fitch Ratings.The Brookings Institution described Uzbekistan as
having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low public debt, and a low
GDP per capita.Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent
city
Tashkent
41°19′N 69°
16′E
Official la
nguages
Uzbek
[1][2]
Recogniz
ed langua
ges
Karakalpak
Official
script
Latin
[3]
• Cyrill
ic
[4]
Ethnic gr
oups
(2021)
[5]
84.6% Uzbek
s
4.8% Tajiks
2.3% Kazakh
s
2.2% Karakal
paks
2.1% Russia
ns
4.0% others
Demony
m(s)
Uzbek
[1][7]
• U
zbekistani
Governm
ent
Unitary semi-
presidential
republic
• PresidentShavkat
Mirziyoyev
• Prime
Minister
Abdulla
Aripov
Legislatu
re
Oliy
Majlis
• Upper
house
Senate
• Lower
house
Legislative
Chamber
History
• Khwaraz
mian
Empire
1077
• Chagatai
Khanate
1227
• Timurid
Empire
1370
• Uzbek
Khanate
1428
• Russian
Turkestan
1867
• Turkesta
n
Autonom
ous
Soviet
Socialist
Republic
30
April 1918
• Uzbek
SSR
27
October
1924
• Republic
of
Uzbekista
n
1
September
1991
Area
• Total 447,400
[8]
k
m
2
(172,700
sq mi)
(
55th)
• Water (%
)
4.9
Population
• 2024
estimate
37,535,605
[9]
(36th)
• Density80.2/km
2
(20
7.7/sq mi)
(138th)
GDP
(PPP)
2024 estimat
e
• Total $425.238
billion
[10]
(57th)
• Per
capita
$11,572
[10]
(122th)
GDP (no
minal)
2024 estimat
e
• Total $112.6
billion
[11]
(67th)
• Per
capita
$3,010
[10]
(138th)
Gini (202
2)
31.2
[12]
medium
inequality
HDI (202
2)
0.727
[13]
high (106th)
CurrencyUzbek
sum (UZS)
Time
zone
UTC+5 (UZT)
Date
format
dd/mm
yyyy
c
Calling +998
code
ISO 3166
code
UZ
Internet
TLD
.uz
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country at the eastern
edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about 331,000 square
kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the
world's fifteenth-most populous country. One of the two Marxist–Leninist states
in Southeast Asia,Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and
Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand
through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia
through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi
Minh City.
Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the
first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam.
Before the Han dynasty’s invasion, Vietnam was marked by a vibrant mix of
religion, culture, and social norms. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and
Central Vietnam, which were subsequently under Chinese rule from 111 BC
until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties
absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and
expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of
the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains
of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—
surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into
French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of
World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist
revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared
Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945.
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World War
II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from
which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed
between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts.
The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North Vietnam,
supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South
Vietnam, supported by the United States. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in
1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party
of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo
by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further.
In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms similar to the
Chinese economic reform, transforming the country to a socialist-oriented
market economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the
global economy and politics.
Vietnam is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has
high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human
rights record. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions
including the ASEAN, the APEC, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the
WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.
مانتیو،
یقرشم بونج ڈنیل نیم ،مانتیو یرومج ٹسلشوس رپ روط طباضاب ،مانتیو
ہ ہ ہ
Standard
Time
)
Callin
g
code
+84
ISO
3166
code
VN
Intern
et
TLD
.vn
Yemen
Yemen,officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in
southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the northeast,
the south-easten part of the Arabian Sea to the east, the Gulf of Aden to the
south, and the Red Sea to the west, sharing maritime borders with Djibouti,
Eritrea, and Somalia across the Horn of Africa. Covering roughly 455,503
square kilometres (175,871 square miles),with a coastline of approximately
2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles), Yemen is the second largest country on the
Arabian Peninsula.Sanaa is its constitutional capital and largest city. Yemen's
estimated population is 34.7 million, mostly Arab Muslims.It is a member of the
Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.Owing to its geographic location, Yemen
has been at the crossroads of many civilisations for over 7,000 years. In 1200
BCE, the Sabaeans formed a thriving commercial kingdom that included parts
of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 275 CE, it was succeeded by the Himyarite
Kingdom, which spanned much of Yemen's present-day territory and was
heavily influenced by Judaism.Christianity arrived in the fourth century,
followed by the rapid spread of Islam in the seventh century. Yemenite troops
played a crucial role in early Islamic conquests.Various dynasties emerged
between the 9th and 16th centuries. During the 19th century, the country was
divided between the Ottoman and British empires. After World War I, the
Kingdom of Yemen was established, which in 1962 became the Yemen Arab
Republic (North Yemen) following a coup. In 1967, the British Aden
Protectorate became the independent People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(South Yemen), the first and only officially socialist state in the Arab world. In
1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen, with
Ali Abdullah Saleh serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in
the wake of the Arab Spring.Since 2011, Yemen has been enduring a political
crisis, marked by street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption,
and President Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the
presidential term limit.By 2015, the country became engulfed by an ongoing
civil war with multiple entities vying for governance, including the Presidential
Leadership Council of the internationally recognized government, and the
Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council. This conflict, which has
escalated to involve various foreign powers, has led to a severe humanitarian
crisis.Yemen is one of the least developed countries in the world,facing
significant obstacles to sustainable development, and is one of the poorest
countries in the Middle East and North Africa.In 2019, the United Nations
reported that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of humanitarian
aid, amounting to about 24 million individuals, or nearly 75% of its population.
As of 2020, Yemen ranked highest on the Fragile States Indexand second-worst
on the Global Hunger Index, surpassed only by the Central African
Republic.Additionally, it has the lowest Human Development Index out of all
non-African countries.
نمی
برع یبونج کلم کیا اک ایشیا یبرغم ،نمی یرومج رپ روط یراکرس ،نمی
۔ےہ ہ ہ
ںیم قرشم لامش ،برع یدوعس ںیم لامش دحرس یک سا ، عقاو ںیم
ےہ
larges
t
city
Sanaa
[n
1]
Gover
nmen
t seat
Aden
[n
2]
Offici
al
langu
age
and
nation
al
langu
age
Arabic
[2]
Ethni92.8% Arabs
c gro
ups
(2000)
[3]
3.7% Somali
s
3.5% other
Religi
on
(2020)
,
[4]
als
o
see R
eligion
in
Yeme
n
~99.1% Isla
m (official)
65% S
unni
35% S
hia
~0.9% other
Demo
nym(s
)
Yemeni
Yemenite
Gover
nmen
t
Unitary provi
sional republi
c
• ChairRashad
al-
man o
f
the Pr
esiden
tial
Leade
rship
Counc
il
Alimi (dispute
d)
[n
3]
• Prime
Minist
er
Ahmad
Awad
bin
Mubarak (dis
puted)
[n
4]
• Presi
dent
of
the
House
of
Repre
sentati
ves
Sultan
al-
Barakani
• Spea
ker
of
Ahmed
Obaid
Bin
the
Shura
Counc
il
Dagher
Legisl
ature
Parliament
• Upper
house
Shura
Council
• Lower
house
House
of
Representati
ves
Establishment
• Unific
ation
22
May 1990
• Curre
nt
constit
ution
16
May 1991
Area
• Total455,503
[5]
k
m
2
(175,871
sq mi)
(
54th)
• Water
(%)
negligible
Population
• 2023
estima
te
34,449,825
[6]
[better source needed]
(48th)
• Densi
ty
75.6/km
2
(19
5.8/sq mi)
(143rd)
GDP
(PPP)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $69.963
billion
[7]
(109th)
• Per
capita
$2,053
[7]
(180th)
GDP (
nomin
al)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $21.045