Mughal garden

MUGHAL GARDEN HISTORY

1. MUGHAL GARDENS A group of gardens built by the  Mughals  in the Persian style of architecture. Presented By- Ibtisam Karan Aman Nikhaar Ankit

2. INTRODUCTION Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture. This style was influenced by Persian Gardens and Timurid gardens . Significant use of Rectilinear Layouts are made within the walled enclosures.

3. The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur described his favourite type of garden as a CHARBAGH. This word developed a new meaning in India , because as Babur explains, India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian Charbagh .

4. The Agra garden, now known as the Ram Bagh , is thought to have been the first Charbagh . India , Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to 'the highly disciplined geometry'.

5. VARIOUS MUGHAL GARDENS Humayun's Tomb-Delhi ( Nizamuddin ) Taj Mahal -Agra Ram Bagh -Agra Mehtab Bagh -Agra Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)-Kashmir Safdarjung's Tomb Yadvindra Gardens- Pinjore Khusro Bagh , Allahabad

6. CLASSIFICATION Mughal Gardens are generally divided into 4 sections – Rectangular Pearl garden Long Butterfly garden Circular garden Terraced garden

7. FEATURES 1. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. 2. Typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.

8. 3. Had handsome walls and great gateways More like forts than gardens City was pleasantly adorned 4. Most important feature of Mughal garden is Char Bagh planning. 5. Mughals were obsessed with symbol and incorporated it into their gardens in many ways.

9. 6. Include trees of various sorts , some to provide shade merely, and others to produce fruits ; flowers, colorful and sweet-smelling; grass , usually growing wild under the trees; birds to fill the garden with song; the whole cooled by a pleasant breeze.

10. 7. The garden might include a raised hillock at the center, reminiscent of the mountain at the center of the universe in cosmological descriptions, and often surmounted by a pavilion or palace.

11. TOMB GARDEN Universally planned in the midst of a CHAR BAGH founded with architectural elements such as STONE PATHWAYS, CANALS, LILY POND, LOTUS-TANKS, STAIRS , CASCADES and WATERFALLS. Example : Humayun’s Tomb

12. Scarce Vegetation with the help of Palm Trees While the main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a 30-acre (120,000 m 2 )  Char Bagh Garden   which was the first of its kind in the  South Asia in such a scale . The highly geometrical and enclosed  Paradise Garden  is divided into four squares by paved walkways ( khiyabans ) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that flow in  jannat , the  Islamic  concept of paradise. The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting the Quranic verse, which talks of rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of Paradise'.

13. HUMAYUN’S TOMB Humayun's Tomb was the first garden tomb made in India. The garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of water channels and paths. These channels of water also facilitates the formation of Charbagh at Humayun’s Tomb.

14. Meeting point of all the channel Single rectangular bagh Fountain at the central axis

15. MUGHAL GARDEN AT HUMAYUN’S TOMB The laying down of the gardens in the Persian style was introduced by Babur and continued till the period of Shah Jahan

16. PALACE GARDEN Gardens along with such water devices as tanks, canals, cascades and fountains. Illustrated by a large no. of paintings of this period

17. RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA The Ram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India, Built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1528 A.D. Planned following the char bagh pattern Four main divisions crisscrossed by paths and waterways. Located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal .

18. Water represented life The garden is a Paradise garden or Char bagh , where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers flow. The Ram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the char bagh in which water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades.

19. Example : Ram Bagh , Garden around a fort at Agra

20. The gardens of TAJ

21. MAHTAB BAGH It is situated on the sandy bank of Yamuna River just opposite the Taj Mahal mausoleum. The name Mahtab Bagh means 'Moon Lit Garden' and the same is testified by the beautiful reflection of Taj Mahal in the pool at night in Mahtab Bagh . The place has a history of its own. It is believed that the great emperor Shah Jahan who built Taj Mahal for his queen wanted an identical one for himself at Mahtab Bagh . However the archaeological findings have proved the existence of garden complex.

22. MAHTAB BAGH

23. This place was once a heavenly garden with shaded pavilions, fountain jets, fragrant flowers and fantastic pools. The garden has been renovated by the Archaeological Survey according to the original plan. The place has been enriched with vegetation and at present more than 40 species of plants bloom in the garden. The garden has been built in a typical Char bagh fashion.

24. PLAIN GARDEN Gardens were laid down independently on a plain surface on char bagh plan , enclosed on all sides by a PARKOTA ( RAMPATS )with a main gateway in the south and with some ornamental gateways on other sides. Divided in four equal parts by four CANALS running from central platform with stone or or brick paved causeways on both sides ,having tanks ,and cascades sometimes. Perfectly unified homogeneous composition . Pleasure pavilion was originally built on the central later sometimes replaced by a tomb of the owner of the garden.

25. PLAN – TAJ MAHAL

26. TERRACED GARDEN laid out with all the basic elements of the plain garden in several terraces had a central canal in the middle, descending from one terrace to the other, through broad fish scaled cascades and relay-tanks each terrace generally having its own independent CHAR BAGH plan .

27. Terrace garden: There are two longitudinal strips of garden, at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden, forming the Northern and Southern boundaries. The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden. At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts .

28. SHALIMAR BAGH Includes all the features of a mughal garden Has 3 terraces The 2 nd terrace garden along the axial canal  slightly broader, has two shallow terraces.

29.   The carved stone bases and a fine platform surrounded by fountains are still seen Shalimar Bagh is well known for  chini khanas , or arched niches, behind garden waterfalls. The garden is considered to be very beautiful during the autumn and spring seasons due to the colour change in leaves of the famed Chinar trees.

30. Main garden: Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares. There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels. Whereas the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet (3.7 m) create a soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor, the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem frozen. In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers. There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon.

31. Rashtrapati Bhawan has all the features of a Mughal Garden The Mughal Gardens are situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan , incorporate both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February every year.

32. Long Garden or the ' Purdha Garden': This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea , Bougainvillea and Grape Vines. The walls are covered with creepers like Jasmine, Rhyncospermum , Tecoma Grandiflora , Bignonia Vanista , Adenoclyma , Echitice , Parana Paniculata . Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees.

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