mughal garden and its featurew

Mughal garden construction and different king and different features about the gardens construction

1. MUGHAL GARDENS & FEATURES PRESENTED BY : Deepak Kumar Si M.Sc.(Horticulture) Rag no-1961912001 SUBMITED TO: DR.C.R. MOHANTY

2. INTRODUCTION Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture. This style was influenced by Persian Gardens . Significant use of Rectilinear Layouts are made within the walled enclosures. 2

3. TIME LINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE BAB A R 1526 - 1530 Babur, the first Mughal -king, had gardens built in Lahore and Dholpur E.g., RAM BAGH, AGRA HU M A Y UN 1530-1543 Humayun has not as such contributed much to the landscape architecture but he had built PURANA QUILA , DELHI in which there are traces of landscape. AKBAR 1556 - 1605 Akbar built several gardens first in Delhi, then in Agra, eg, Humayuns tomb, Fatehpur sikhri These tended to be riverfront gardens rather than the fortress garden. Which influenced the later Mughal garden architecture . J A H A N G IR 1605-1627 Jahangir, did not build as much, but he helped to lay out the famous Shalimar garden. SHAH- JAHAN 162 7 -1658 Shah Jahan, marks the apex of Mughal garden architecture and floral design. Example, Shalimar(lahore), Taj mahal , Red fort, Nishat garden(kashmir). A URANGZ E B 1658-1707 Aurangzeb has not developed much gardens except Chauburji.

4. Feature of Mughal garden Site and design : M ughals had fond of water. They always selected site on hill slope with a perennial source of water or along with the banks of perennial river. The gardens were mostly square or rectangular in shape. Different architecture features like bird bath, fountains etc. find due place in the garden. Walls and gate : Walls and Gates. Mughals created garden for the sake of recreation and pleasure and also for residence. The gardens were used as forts. The gardens were surrounded with highballs so that it may not be easily accessed by enemies. The entrance were provided with huge wooden gates studded with iron nails and pointed iron spikes. Terraces : The Mughals came from hilly terrain. So they had intrinsic inclination towards terrace. They selected location for garden mostly on hill slopes. Even in plains artificial terraces were created in the garden. According to Islamic faith, the paradise has eight divisions. Accordingly, gardens were composed of eight terraces. Some gardens were of having seven terraces corresponding to seven planets . 4

5. Feature of Mughal garden Running water : Mughal gardens were provided with source of water like canal or* pond. The style for having water was borrowed from the Persian garden. The water canals or ponds were paved with tiles or blue colour to create the illusion of depth. To break up the flow of water into artificial falls and ripples, the course of water was maneuvered in various ways. There were fountains in canal to throw water as shower. Lamps were illuminated during evening to create beautiful effect of lighting. The fascination for water came from the Muslim faith according to which paradise is the place "where cooling water flows". With this conviction Mughals selected a site on hill slope to get the benefit of running water. In the plains water was utilized for its cooling effect in summer Baradari: This is masonry feature with a permanent roof and raised platform for Siting. Baradari were usually provided with 12 doors on all sides. These were constructed toe the emperor to watch the performance of dancing girls, rain shower and innocuous flight of birds. T omb or mosque: It was common practice to create garden around Tomb or Mosque.sually, Mughal gardens have been developed with a monument of Tomb or mosque e.g. TajGardens around Taj Mahal Trees and flowers: According to Mughals, each tree symbolizes something. Fruit trees were considered symbols of life and youth. Cypress represents death and eternity. The seasonal flower were planted along the water canal. Rose,jasmine,carnation,hollyhock,delphinium etc. Were favored. 5

6. 1. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. 2. Typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.

7. Had handsome walls and great gateways More like forts than gardens City was pleasantly adorned Most important feature of Mughal garden is Char Bagh planning .

8. 5. Mughals were obsessed with symbol and incorporated it into their gardens in many ways.

9. 6. Include trees of various sorts , some to provide shade merely, and others to produce fruits ; flowers, colorful and sweet- smelling; grass , usually growing wild under the trees; birds to fill the garden with song; the whole cooled by a pleasant breeze.

10. 7. The garden might include a raised hillock at the center, reminiscent of the mountain at the center of the universe in cosmological descriptions, and often surmounted by a pavilion or palace.

11. Universally planned in the midst of a CHAR BAGH founded with architectural elements such as STONE PATHWAYS, CANALS, LILY POND, LOTUS- TANKS, STAIRS , CASCADES and WATERFALLS. Example : Humayun’s Tomb

12. Gardens along with such water devices as tanks, canals, cascades and fountains. Illustrated by a large no. of paintings of this period

13. Example : Garden around a fort at Agra

14. Gardens were laid down independently on a plain surface on char bagh plan , enclosed on all sides by a PARKOTA ( RAMPATS )with a main gateway in the south and with some ornamental gateways on other sides. Divided in four equal parts by four CANALS running from central platform with stone or or brick paved causeways on both sides ,having tanks ,and cascades sometimes. Perfectly unified homogeneous composition . Pleasure pavilion was originally built on the central later sometimes replaced by a tomb of the owner of the garden.

15. PLAN – TAJ MAHAL

16. laid out with all the basic elements of the plain garden in several terraces had a central canal in the middle, descending from one terrace to the other, through broad fish scaled cascades and relay-tanks each terrace generally having its own independent CHAR BAGH plan .

17. SHALIMAR BAGH Includes all the features of a mughal garden Has 3 terraces The 2 nd terrace garden along the axial c a nal slig h tly broader, has two shallow terraces.

18. The carved stone bases and a fine platform surrounded by fountains are still seen Shalimar Bagh is well known for chini khanas , or arched niches, behind garden waterfalls. The garden is considered to be very beautiful during the autumn and spring seasons due to the colour change in leaves of the famed Chinar trees.

19. Rashtrapati Bhawan has all the features of a Mughal Garden

20. SITES OF MUGHAL GARDENS HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI TAJ MAHAL, AGRA RAM BAGH, AGRA MEHTAB BAGH, AGRA SHALIMAR GARDENS, KASHMIR YADVINDRA GARDENS, PINJORE KHUSRO BAGH, ALLAHBAD HUMAYUN’S TOMB RAM BAGH SHALIMAR GARDENS YADVINDRA GARDENS KHUSRO BAGH TAJ MAHAL INDIA

21. VARIOUS MUGHAL GARDENS Afghanistan Bagh-e Babur(Kabul ) Pakistan Chauburji(The Gate to the Mughal Gardens) Lahore Fort Shahdara Bagh Shalimar Gardens (Lahore) Hazuri Bagh Bagh -e Babur(Kabul) Hazuri Bagh

22. RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA

23. RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA The Ram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India, Built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1528 A.D. Planned following the char bagh pattern . Four main divisions crisscrossed by paths and waterways. Located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal.

24. RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA Water represented life The garden is a Paradise garden or Char bagh, where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers flow. The Ram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the char bagh in which water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades.

25. MUGHAL GARDEN AT HUMAYUN’S TOMB Humayun's Tomb was the first garden tomb made in India. The garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of water channels and paths. These channels of water also facilitates the formation of Charbagh at Humayun’s Tomb . The laying down of the gardens in the Persian style was introduced by Babur and continued till the period of Shah Jahan .

26. Meeting point of all the channel Single rectangular bagh Fountain at the central axis

27. Scarce Vegetation with the help of Palm Trees While the main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a 30-acre (120,000 m 2 ) Char Bagh Garden which was the first of its kind in the South Asia in such a scale. The highly geometrical and enclosed Paradise Garden is divided into four squares by paved walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that flow in jannat , the Islamic concept of paradise. The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting the Quranic verse, which talks of rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of Paradise'.

28. GARDENS OF THE TAJ MAHAL

29. The complex is set around a large 300-meter square char bagh , a Mughal garden. The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds. A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the tomb and gateway, with a reflecting pool on North-South axis reflects the image of the Taj Mahal. Elsewhere, the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains. CHAR BAGH CHAR BAGH

30. Most Mughal char baghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the center. The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element, the tomb, instead is located at the end of the garden.

31. Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including roses, daffodils, and fruit trees in abundance. As the Mughal Empire declined, the tending of the garden declined as well. When the British took over the management of Taj Mahal, they changed the landscaping to resemble that of lawns of London.

32. MAHTAB BAGH

33. MAHTAB BAGH It is situated on the sandy bank of Yamuna River just opposite the Taj Mahal mausoleum. The name Mahtab Bagh means 'Moon Lit Garden' and the same is testified by the beautiful reflection of Taj Mahal in the pool at night in Mahtab Bagh. The place has a history of its own. It is believed that the great emperor Shah Jahan who built Taj Mahal for his queen wanted an identical one for himself at Mahtab Bagh. However the archaeological findings have proved the existence of garden complex.

34. MAHTAB BAGH This place was once a heavenly garden with shaded pavilions, fountain jets, fragrant flowers and fantastic pools. The garden has been renovated by the Archaeological Survey according to the original plan. The place has been enriched with vegetation and at present more than 40 species of plants bloom in the garden. The garden has been built in a typical Char bagh fashion.

35. OTHER MUGHAL GARDENS IN INDIA Rashtrapati Bhawan Shalimar Bagh

36. 36 Lutyens ’ Mughal Gardens

37. Mughal gardens With terraced lawns, cascading fountains, paint- box-bright flowerbeds with the panorama of the Dal in front of them - the three Mughal Gardens of Chesmashahi, Nisha t and Shalimar are the Mughal Emperors' concept of paradise and are today very popular places for picnics and excursions.

38. Mughal gardens tulip garden

39. Mughal gardens

40. Mughal gardens in winter

41. Cheshmashahi

42. Cheshmashahi garden kashmir

43. Kashmir Srinagar Cheshmashahi Garden

44. The remains of the Oont Kadal in Dal Lake at Nishat Bagh

45. Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens

46. Nishat Bagh. The brother of Mughal Empress Nur Jehan, Asif Khan laid the Garden in Srinagar in 1633.

47. Pari Mahal

48. The Pari Mahal

49. Kashmir Shalimar Bagh Srinagar

50. Shalimar Bagh

51. Shalimar Bagh of Srinagar

52. 52 THANK U