Multi core processors

This presentation describes the processors, its types and how it is categorized on a basic level.

1. Processors By Nipun Sharma ID: 1411981520

2. Outline: What is a Processor? Moore’s Law History Types of Processors Performance Need Of Processor Processor memory types Market statistics Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References

3. What is a Processor? A processor is the logical circuit that responds to and processes the basic  instructions that drives a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term Central processing unit ( CPU ). The processor in a personal computer or in small devices is often called a Microprocessor.

4. MOORE’S LAW Moore's law  is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of  transistors  in a dense integrated circuit  doubles approximately every two years. The law is named after  Gordon E. Moore , co-founder of the Intel Corporation , who described the trend in his 1965 paper .  His prediction has proven to be accurate, in part because the law is now used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development .  

5. History: Intel introduced its first  4-bit  microprocessor 4004 in 1971 The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic  calculators , using  binary-coded decimal  (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit   words .

6. History: The Intel 8008 was introduced in 1972 ,the world's first 8-bit  microprocessor . But it had some performance issues, So Intel invented another 8-bit microprocessor named as Intel 8080 in 1974

7. Types: Single Core Processor: It is a processor that has only one core , so it can only start one operation at a time. It can however in some situations start a new operation before the previous one is complete. Originally all processors Were single core. Multi Core processors were introduced Later.

8. Types: 2. Multi-core or Many core Processor: A  multi-core processor  is a single  computing   component with two or more independent actual  central processing units  (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute  program instructions .

9. Types of Multi-Core: 1. Dual Core Processor : Dual-core refers to a  CPU  that includes two complete execution Cores per physical processor. It has combined two processors onto a single  integrated circuit . These processors are well-suited for  multitasking because there are two complete execution  cores instead of one.

10. 2. Quad-Core Processor: A quad-core  processor  is a  chip  with four independent units called cores that read and execute central processing unit ( CPU ) instructions such as add, move data, and branch. Quad-core and higher  multi-core processor  configurations have become common for general-purpose computing, not only for PCs but for mobile devices such as  smartphones and  tablets .  

11. Performance The  performance  or  speed  of a processor depends on, among many other factors, the clock rate (generally given in multiples of hertz) and the instructions per clock (IPC), which together are the factors for the instructions per second(IPS ) that the CPU can perform .

12. Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors (called  cores  in this sense) into one integrated circuit. Ideally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor. Increasing the number of cores in a processor increases the workload that can be handled. This means that the processor can now handle numerous asynchronous events, interrupts, etc. which can take a toll on the CPU (Central Processing Unit) when overwhelmed . Performance

13. Need Of Multi-core Processors: The basic need of multi-core processors is the Parallel Computing . Time consumption is the pulling drawback of Single core processors. So, Multi-core technology has become the mean to achieve efficiency thru parallel processing .

14. P rocessor Memory Types: Shared memory: In this model, there is one (large) common shared memory for all processors. Distributed memory: In this model, each processor has its own (small) local memory, and its content is not replicated anywhere else

15. Why Multi-core? Better Performance For the Multi tasking e.g. Burning CD with graphic works at the same time Economical efficiency A dual-core is much cheaper than two single cores

16. Why Multi-core? Save the room of motherboard Two single cores → In one die We can use this room more efficiently Parallel Computing As every core executes instructions as individual processing unit, parallel processing is Achieved

17. Market Statistics In 2003, about US$44 billion worth of microprocessors were manufactured and sold . In 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world were 32-bit or more. Of all the 32-bit CPUs sold, about 2% are used in desktop or laptop personal computers. Most microprocessors are used in embedded control applications such as household appliances, automobiles, and computer peripherals. Taken as a whole, the average price for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or  DSP  is just over $ 6.

18. Advantages The largest boost in performance will likely be noticed in improved response time while running CPU-intensive processes, like antivirus scans, ripping/burning media (requiring file conversion), or searching for folders. For example, if the automatic virus scan initiates while a movie is being watched, the application running the movie is far less likely to be starved of processor power, as the antivirus program will be assigned to a different processor core than the one running the movie playback .

19. Disadvantages In addition to operating system (OS) support, adjustments to existing software are required to maximize utilization of the computing resources provided by multi-core processors. Integration of a multi-core chip drives production yields down and they are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-chip designs .

20. Intel has partially countered this first problem by creating its quad-core designs by combining two dual-core on a single die with a unified cache, hence any two working dual-core dies can be used, as opposed to producing four cores on a single die and requiring all four to work to produce a quad-core. From an architectural point of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a development commitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence. Disadvantages

21. Conclusion: All computers are now parallel computers. Multi-core processors represent an important new trend in computer architecture. Decreased power consumption and Better Performance. Efficient Processing. They enable true thread-level parallelism with great energy efficiency. To utilize their full potential, applications will need to move from a single to a multi-threaded model.

22. References: Olukotun , Kunle and Hammond, Lance. The future of microprocessors. Queue, Volume 3, Issue 7, September 2005. www.princeton.edu/~jdonald/research/hyperthreading/garg_report.pdf Zheltov, Sergey N. and Bratanov, Stanislav V. Multi-threading for Experts: Synchronization. Technical Report. Intel. 2005. (WWWdocument, referenced 17.11.2005). Available: http://www.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/183321.htm

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