Multi tier cropping system

Technology

1. Multi-tier cropping system for profitability and scalability in vegetable production Akash trivedi (14010) Bsc(ag)4 th year Department of extention Institute of Agricultural science , BHU varanasi presented to- prof- o.p.mishra Dr.-B. jirli

2. The average size of holdings was 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 which was reduced to 1.82 hectares in 1980-81 and 1.50 hectares in 1995-96 . The size of the holdings will further decrease with the infinite Sub-division of the land holdings. The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in certain parts it is less than even 0.5 hectare . The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented. Situation of land holding in india

3. Two or more crops of different heights are grown simultaneously on a piece of land in a certain period. Sunlight, nutrient, land, water, and space are utilized in the most efficient and economic way. Increased biological diversity and higher production stability (Singh et al ., 2014). Improve soil health and physical property of soil. Multi-storied /multi-tier/ multi-layer cropping system

4. Okra + Radish + Cluster Bean + Beet Root Okra + Radish + Beetroot + Coriander Pointed Gourd + Elephant Foot Yam + Cucumber Banana + Cauliflower + Beet Root Guava + Turmeric + Elephant Foot Yam Elephant Foot Yam + Okra + Ridge Gourd Potato + Sweet Corn + Okra Papaya/ Banana + Elephant Foot Yam Papaya/ Banana + Ginger + Colocasia Sugarcane + Okra + Onion Examples of vegetable based multi-storied cropping system

5. Better use of growth resources including sunlight, nutrient and water. Yield stability (suppress the growth of weeds). Ecological stability i.e. improved soil health and agro-ecosystem. Flow of income during cropping periods. Other miscellaneous benefits like distribution of labour , physical support of one crop to another and home gardening leading to more food supply. Advantages of multi-storied cropping system

6. Labour intensive. Chemical c ontrol of weeds, pests and diseases may be difficult. Difficulty in mechanization. Adverse competitive effect or by allelopathy . Disadvantages of multi-storied cropping

7. Elephant foot yam: A profitable crop for vegetable based multi-tier cropping system Pointed gourd + Elephant foot yam + Cowpea/ bitter gourd Selection of varieties: Elephant foot yam : Gajendra , Sree Padma , Kusum Pointed gourd : Rajendra Parwal-1, Rajendra Parwal-2 Bitter gourd : Pusa Do Mausami , Pusa Vishesh Cowpea : Kashi Kanchan , Kashi Gauri , Arka Garima

8. Introduction Common name – Elephant-foot-yam, Suran , Amorphophallus, Kuch , Jimmikand . Botanical name – Amorphophallus campanulatus Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Origin – Tropical Asia and Africa (India & Sri Lanka)

9. Continued..... It is a highly potential tropical tuber crop. In India, it has attained the status of a cash crop and the area under its cultivation is increasing fast. This crop also offers excellent export potential from India, since it is not generally cultivated commercially in other countries. The crop is gaining popularity due to its shade tolerance, easiness in cultivation, high productivity, less incidence of pests and diseases, steady demand and reasonably good price.

10. Distribution It has now become a very popular vegetable in certain areas of the tropical and subtropical regions. It is a crop of South-East Asian origin, growing wild in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia and South-eastern Asian countries. It is commercially grown in India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, Java, Philippines and Ceylon. In India, it is cultivated on large scale in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra and West Bengal.

11. Elephant foot yam based multi-tier vegetable cropping system Source : Singh et al. (2014). Technology identified for enhanced productivity, Zonal Project Director Zone II, Kolkata, W.B., pp. 13. Vegetables like bitter gourd, ridge gourd and bottle gourd were cultivated making bamboo structure ( machan ). The vacant space below the machan was fully utilized in this method. Bitter gourd and elephant foot yam - best in respect of average return.

12. Sole crop of Elephant foot yam Elephant foot yam + Bitter gourd Elephant foot yam + Ridge gourd Elephant foot yam + Bottle gourd Elephant foot yam based multi-layer vegetable cropping system

13. Considering market price (per kg) of bitter gourd = Rs. 10, ridge gourd = Rs. 6, bottle gourd = Rs. 5, Elephant foot yam = 15 Treatments Yield (q/ha) Main Crop Yield (q/ha) Companion Crop 2014-15 2015-16 Mean 2014-15 2015-16 Mean Sole Elephant Foot Yam (cv. Gajendra ) 373.55 378.60 376.07 - - - - Elephant Foot Yam + Bitter gourd (cv. Hybrid US6214) 372.00 376.50 374.25 138.80 137.50 138.15 Elephant foot yam + Ridge gourd (cv. local) 362.00 362.65 362.32 147.30 147.97 147.64 Elephant foot yam + Bottle gourd (cv. Hybrid Mahima ) 327.40 333.10 330.25 251.60 247.90 249.75 - Source: Singh, R.P., Bhushan S., Kumar S. and Shanker R (2014). Yield assessment of elephant foot yam grown under multilayer vegetable cropping system. The Bioscan , 8(4): 1237-1239. Table 1: Yield of elephant foot yam and companion crops under multi-layer vegetable cropping system

14. COST OF CULTIVATION ELEPHANT FOOT YAM COST ELEPHANT FOOT YAM LAND PRIPRATION 6000 PLANTING MATERIAL 84235 MANURE 12530 PLANT PROTECTION 8000 WAGES 300RS/MAN/DAY TOTAL 164765 RIDGE GAURD/BOTTLE GAURD/BITTER GAURD COST LAND PRIPRATION ------- NUSURY/PLANTING/SOWING 8000 WEEDING 8000 PLANT PROTECTION 4000 FERTILIZER ------- other 8000 TOTAL 28000

15. TOTAL INCOME MULTI-TIER CROP EFY YIELD*PRICE EFY TOTAL INCOME INTER CROP YIELD*PRICE INTER CROP TOTAL INCOME ELEPHANT FOOT YAM 376*15 564000 -------- EFY+BITTER GAURD 374*15 561000 138*10 138000 EFY+RIDGE G 362*15 543000 147*6 88200 EFY+BOTTLE G 330*15 495000 249*5 124500 MULTY- TIRE CROPPING GROSS INCOME Elephant foot yam 564000 554000 EFY+BITTER GAURD 561000+138000 699000 EFY+RIDGE GAURD 543000+88200 631200 EFY+BOTTLE GAURD 495000+124500 619500

16. NET INCOME TOTAL EFY 554000 --164765 389235 EFY+BITTER GAURD 699000 --(164765+28000) 506235 EFY+RIDGE GAURD 631200 --(164765+28000) 438435 EFY+BOTTLE GAURD 619500 --(164765+28000) 426735

17. Vegetable cultivation under three-tier systems Source : Srivastava A.P., Rao , D.R., Basade , Y., Singh A.K., Sikarwar M. and Ashar , N. (2014). Livelihood Enhancement through Improved Vegetable Cultivation in Backward Districts of India National Agricultural Innovation Project Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan -II New Delhi, pp. 31-33.

18. Name of Technology HH/ Area demonstrated (ha) Productivity (q/ha) Income (Rs/ha) Bitter gourd + Cowpea + Elephant foot yam 130/35 Bitter gourd 273 q/ha + Cowpea 120 q/ha + Elephant foot yam 350 q/ha 3,60,000 Pointed gourd + Okra + Cucumber 80/10 Pointed gourd 195 q/ha + Okra 135 q/ha + Cucumber 113 q/ha, 2,29,000 Pointed gourd + Okra + Amaranths 56/7.2 Pointed gourd 203 q/ha + Okra 121 q/ha + Amaranths 77 q/ha 2,25,000 Traditional method (Bitter gourd) - 125-150 45000-50000 Table 2: Multi-tier vegetable cultivation in Bihar Source : Srivastava A.P., Rao , D.R., Basade , Y., Singh A.K., Sikarwar M. and Ashar , N. (2014). Livelihood Enhancement through Improved Vegetable Cultivation in Backward Districts of India National Agricultural Innovation Project Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan -II New Delhi, pp. 31-33.

19. Turmeric and elephant foot yam as multi-tier intercrops in medium aged guava orchard Source : Chandra K.K. (2014). Evaluation of growth and economic parameters of Curcuma l onga and Amorphophallus paeoniifolius intercrops in medium aged Pisidium guajava orchard. Caribbean Journal of Science and Technology , 2: 392-398.

20. Economic performances of C. longa and A. paeoniifolius as intercrops under P. guajava orchard C. longa C. longa C. longa C. longa

21. Growing of multi-tier seed spices with vegetable crops Source : Kumari , G. (2014). Studies on intercropping of seed spices with vegetable crops. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210, Bihar, pp. 1-75. Vegetables Spices 1. Cabbage (var . Bajrang ) 1. Coriander (var . Ajmer Coriander-1) 2. Garden Pea (var . Swarna Amar ) 2. Funnel (var . Ajmer Funnel-1) 3. Carrot (var . Pusa Kesar ) 3. Ajwain (var . Rajendra Mani)

22. Treatments Yield (kg/plot) Gross return (Rs/ha) Net return (Rs/ha) Benefit : cost ratio Pea (Sole) 7.69 85440 40610 0.91 Cabbage (Sole) 42.82 158580 109008 2.20 Carrot (Sole) 23.09 142768 93222 1.88 Coriander (Sole) 1.22 67680 21828 0.48 Fennel (Sole) 1.4 103680 59026 1.32 Ajwain (Sole) 0.85 78500 26370 0.51 Pea + Fennel 5.08 +0.729 110436 63323 1.34 Pea + Coriander 5.71+ 0.522 98196 50484 1.06 Pea + Ajwain 5.57+ 0.522 110284 63433 1.35 Cabbage + Fennel 35.78+ 0.631 179312 129570 2.60 Cabbage + Coriander 38.19 + 0.720 181460 131119 2.60 Cabbage + Ajwain 36.86+ 0.465 179604 130124 2.63 Carrot + Fennel 15.61 +0.462 159184 112084 2.38 Carrot + Coriander 13.76 +0.462 127480 79781 1.67 Carrot + Ajwain 14.40+ 0.491 152156 105318 2.25 SEm± - - 2299.6 0.0592 C.D. at 5% - - 6513.1 0.11 Table 3 : Yield and economics as influenced by multi-tier intercropping with different spices and vegetables crops

23. Vegetables having high yield potential and short duration in nature are the most suitable multi-tier intercrops. Provides income, employment and enough food for consumption. Better and sustainable use of the inputs, i.e., soil, water, air, space, solar radiation, etc . Reduce insecurity of mono-cropping. Higher production, economic return and resource utilization. C hannelizing the dynamic energy of rural youth towards conventional farming for higher income generation and livelihood security. Summary and conclusion

24. Thank You…