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1. DELEGATE GUIDE HARVARD MUN ROP

2. Flow of the Committee Roll Call – This is the first thing done in the committee and it’s purpose is to know which all delegates are present in the committee and their voting status. Usage – the chair will call out each country in alphabetical order and delegates may respond by stating “ present” or “ present and voting ” Present - when a delegate responds with present they vote for, against or abstain from voting procedures. Present and Voting - when a delega te responds with present and voting they may not abstain, they have to vote for or against. This applies to the voting procedures of resolutions and amendments only. It is mandatory to vote for or against motions.

3. Open floor for debate - This is a formal procedure which in basic tears means that we are asking to start the committee. It is done by saying “motion to open the floor for debate”. Setting the Agenda/Topic - This is a formal procedure which in basic tears means that we are asking to start the committee. In a case, where there are two or more agendas, delegates may go through each one of them in any order through the vote of simple majority. It is done by saying “motion to set the agenda to *agenda/topic*”. Example: motion to set the ag enda to We aponization of Space. Opening/Establish the General Speakers List (GSL) – The General Speakers List (GSL) is a speakers list where a delegate may come and talk about anything related to the topic but in the beginning, most delegates use it to deliver their opening speeches. It is usually of no more than 1.5 minutes of individual speakers time.This is done by saying “motion to open the GSL with individual speakers time of __ minutes” Example: Motion to open the GSL with individual speakers time of 1 minute

4. Opening/Establishing Moderated Caucus – This is a formal debate and is done in order to discuss different aspects of the topic/agenda, followed by Points of Information. This is done by saying “motion to open a moderated caucus of individual speakers time of minutes and total speakers time of minutes on the topic *sub-topic/issue related to the topic*”. Example: Motion to open a moderated caucus with individual speakers time of 1 minute and total speakers time of 30 minutes on the topic “Impact of Cyberwarfare and Cybercrimes on Teens and Minors” Open/ Establishing Unmoderated Caucus – This is an informal style of debate where delegates can informally discuss, form blocks and come up with resolutions. It is done by saying “motion to open an Unmoderated Caucus of time minutes”. Example: Motion to open an Unmoderated Caucus of 15 minutes.

5. Discussion of Resolutions – A) Selection of Resolution for Discussion: This is to indicate which resolution will be discussed at that point in time. This passes through chair's discretion based on the order of submission or a raised motion (may vary from chair to chair) B) Sponsorship Speech by the Sponsors of the Resolution – The sponsor of the resolution will explain the resolution to the whole committee followed by Points of Information within the allotted time. The chair will set the time for the sponsorship speech and call the sponsor of the resolution for their speech.

6. Discussion of Amendments – Explanation of Amendment: The delegate who has sent in the amendment will explain their amendment to the committee followed by Points of Information within the allotted time. The chair will declare which amendment will be discussed and the time for the explanation of the amendment. For and Against Speeches: This is when delegates will give a speech explaining whether they support or oppose the amendment. The chair will declare to the committee the time and number of speakers speaking for and against the amendment. Voting Procedures for Amendment: At this point in time voting procedures will take place for the amendment. The chair will announce that the committee will be moving into voting procedures and the delegates will be asked to vote For Against or Abstain from voting. At this point, if a delegate stated their voting status as “present”, they may choose to abstain from voting. However, if their voting status was "present and voting", they have no choice but to vote for and against the amendment.

7. Discussion of Resolutions as a whole – A) For and Against Speeches for the Resolution as a whole: Delegates will give a speech explaining whether they support or oppose the resolution as a whole. The chair will declare to the committee the time and number of speakers speaking for and against the resolution. B) Voting Procedures for the Resolution as a Whole: At this point in time voting procedures will take place for the resolution.The chair will announce that the committee will be moving into voting procedures and the delegates will be asked to vote For or Against or Abstain. Adjourning Committee – This is used at the end of the committee when the conference has finished. It is done by saying “motion to adjourn committee” and it passes through the chair's discretion.

8. Motions Motion to extend: Points of information Time for the moderated/ unmoderated caucus This is used when the delegate would like to ask more POIs to another delegate This is when the delegate feels that the committee could benefit from the extra time of the caucus for whichever reason it may be Motion to divide the house – This is done in a situation where there are large numbers of abstentions while voting for a resolution. In this scenario, the chair will take votes one by one by roll call and no delegate is allowed to abstain even if they had chosen present during roll call Motion to C halleng e – This can be raised when a delegate wishes to discuss a topic with a certain set of delegates only. This can help the committee gain better clarity about a certain topic from the viewpoint of a specific country. Motion to divide the question – This is done when the delegate feels that there are some good clauses in the resolution but the whole resolution as a whole is not that great. In this situation, the chair will vote on clauses individually and will pass or fail accordingly

9. Yielding If time remains after you‘ve completed giving your speech, the following yields can be made: A) Back to the chair – In this case, the chair will normally proceed with the following order of speakers in the respective motion. B) To POIs – In this case, the speaker’s remaining time is utilized for questions on the delegate’s speech. Follow- ups may be permitted but only from chair’s approval. If you find it difficult to answer a controversial question, you may request to answer the POI through chit form C) To Another Delegate – Here, the remaining time is given to another delegate. It works well if you yield it to an ally or a country with the same vision/viewpoint as you

10. Points Point of Parliamentary Enquiry – This is used when a delegate has an enquiry regarding the parliamentary procedure or any other proceedings of the committee. Point of Order – It is used when there is a mistake in the rules of procedure or when there is a factual inaccuracy in a statement given. Point of Personal Privilege – It is used to ensure that delegates are comfortable and able to perform. In case a delegate has any discomfort in the committee this may be raised. Example: use of washroom or inaudibility. This may interrupt a speaker only in the case of inaudibility. Point of Information – This is used when a delegate wishes to ask a question to another delegate who is delivering a speech. The delegate need not say anything, they may just suggest they would like to ask a POI when the chair asks for it Request to Follow up – This is used when a delegate would like to follow up on the POI asked by him/her by asking another question. The delegate may say this only after the other delegate has finished answering the initial question asked. It will be depend on the chair whether or not to accept it. Right to Reply – This is used when a statement given by a delegate is offensive to the delegate’s country or to them personally

11. Position Papers A position paper is a document submitted before any MUN Conference. A Position Paper gives a basic outline of the topic nationally and internationally and gives your country's position on the topic which includes different laws, policies and things your country has done in an attempt to solve the issue. C omponents of a g ood position paper – 1. A brief outline and introduction of the topic. Past actions taken by the International C ommunity which includes Treaties, UN Conventions, UN Resolutions, any other internationally document, regional action taken. Your country’s stance which includes actions taken by your country in the past, present or future that your country has taken, what is your country’s views and opinions on the topic, in case of a controversial country you may want to counter some of the alleg ations the country/government receives. Propose some solutions that you have come up with. Use of facts and statistics throug hout the position pape r. Bibliography and use of credible sources for research. Structure of a position paper Deleg ate name: * name of the deleg ate* Committee: *name of the committee eg: United Nations Environment Assembly* Country: *country the delegate is representing* *content of maximum 750 words* Bibliography:*citing all the sources that have been used for research*

12. Resolution Papers A Resolution Paper is a formal document which is made during the MUN Conference. This is the document through which you propose the solutions that you have come up with your fellow delegates in the committee. It lays out the solutions and all the other details regarding the implementation of the solutions. The Resolution Paper is written in the form of different Clauses and Sub-Clauses. There are 2 types of Clauses: Preambulatory Clauses: These clauses describe why this resolution is being made, the purpose of the resolution, what this aims to achieve, past actions that have been taken, references to UN Documents, Treaties, efforts taken by nations. They can not include any solutions and are strictly statements of the aforementioned. In simple words, this is giving context to the solutions that will be proposed in the Operative Clauses. Operative Clauses: This is the most important part of your resolution. These clauses are where you will lay down the solutions you have come up with. This includes actions, Recommendations and details of the actions and recommendations proposed such as the timeline of implementation, funding, feasibility, monitoring of the progress made etc. Operative Clauses can have sub-clauses that are used to specify details of the clause. The Preambulatory Clauses should have some relation to the Operative Clauses

13. Amendments After the resolutions have been drafted, the committee will discuss and debate upon it. If a deleg ate feels that there is something in the resolution that needs to be changed, they can send in an amendment which will then be discussed. Sponsors of the resolution will claim this amendment as friendly or unfriendly. If claimed friendly, the amendment will directly be implemented in the draft resolution. If claimed unfriendly, there will be debate and discussion on this amendment after which voting will be held that decides whether this amendment passes or not. Types of amendments that can be submitted – There are 3 types of amendments that can be submitted: Add: an add amendment is used when a delegate wishes to add a new clause/sub-clause to a pre-existing clause or the resolution as a whole. Strike: a strike clause is used when a delegate wishes to strike out a pre-existing clause/sub-clause from the resolution. Amend: an amend type amendment is used when a delegate wishes to make changes to a pre-existing clause/sub-clause which can include replacing a certain word or phrase with something else or an addition of some detail to the clause.

14. Crisis Scenario A crisis scenario can be a surprise news update that is given to a conventional static GA committee some new factor to consider.This can be a nuclear attack, a riot, an earthquake or something else. The committee will discuss the new scenario using the Rules of Procedure and add some clauses about it into the resolution. A Crisis committee has constant news updates and each decision impac ts the story moving forward. The remainder of the article will focus on crisis committees. There will be chairs of other committees entering as personalities and provide a personal statement related to the crisis scenario, after which delegates may engage in POI’s. Lastly, delegates will solve this issue at hand through directives which are similar to resolutions but shorter and straightforward.

15. Good Delegate Research is the most important part of MUN as it forms the basic foundation of everything that a delegate can do, this can be in terms of making a good Position Paper, Resolutions and performing well during the committee sessions. Detailed research on the topic and on the delegate’s country is important. The Background Guide which chairs provide is the most efficient and relevant source of research/understanding one can get of the topic. Read the background guide, go through the recommended readings and links mentioned and try to answer focusing questions. Research on the delegate's country can be divided into 3 parts: 1. Basic knowledge on the country such as but not limited to: GDP Population Geographical location and neighbouring countries National Budget National Spending Foreign Policies of the nation which includes: The vision of the nation Goals with other nations and organizations such as the UN and other intergovernmental organizations Status on different important topics such as Human rights, Education, Healthcare C losest allies and enemies of the country Views of your country on the topic which can be determined by but not limited to: Laws, policies, schemes etc your country has implemented Statements given by the head of state (president, ruler, king) Actions your country has taken regarding the topic (negative and positive) C urre nt status of the issue in the country Future plans with regards to the topic

16. Credible Sources for Research C redible sources for research: UN websites including websites of different organs of the UN Intergovernmental Organization official websites (example: official website of European Union (EU), African Union (AU), IAEA etc) Research Reports published by Universities, Non- G overnmental O rganizations, Interg overnmental organizations. Local, National and International News Agencies Official documents of the government International Treaties, agreements, Conventions and resolutions C IA World Factb ook Reuters News Agency New Agencies such as New York Times,The Guardian, BBC News, C NN News (the credibility of these sources may vary based on context)

17. Key Pointers to keep in mind Ensure Active Participation in the committee Speech – Other than participating in the committee, content, articulation, confidence and the way you deliver your speech matters a lot. Make sure to be bold and loud enough for all delegates to hear you clearly. Avoid usage of personal pronouns Maintain a sense of diplomacy – Propose constructive solutions and work towards forming good resolutions instead of trying to attack a specific country. Never use harsh and foul language. Even if asked a controversial POI, be diplomatic and add small attributes of respect in your speech. For example, "Thank you delegate for your question" or “...which is why we hope to achieve peace and security through our solutions". During a crisis, try addressing personalities with "Sincere respects to you Mr./Miss _" Collaboration - A delegate who can work well with others keeping the interest of most parties involved and working collaboratively would come up with the best solutions keeping different aspects in mind. While collaborating to come up with solutions keep in mind to answer What, Where, Who, When, How to ensure your solutions are not vague. Solution-Based Approach - While working on your draft resolutions, add a sense of implementation, national security and execution of your solution. Think from different countries' perspectives and get a joint input from the countries in your bloc Follow instructions, code of conduct and rules of procedure

18. Best Delegate Score more points: A) Ask more POI’s – even if it’s as simple as asking delegates to elaborate on something or to cite their source B) Look for Point of Orders – Recognising a factual inaccuracy in statements made or draft resolutions can easily help you score more points. Keep in mind though, it only requires 3 point of orders for a draft resolution to fail, completely. C) Raise motions – As simple as raising your placard to set the agenda or extend time for POI’s scores you more points Add Clarity to your Speech – Begin with a quote, preferably from a nationally recognised personality of your country. Try to paint a picture with whatever you’re trying to say and link it with the key issue(s). Example, "imagine if we were living in a world where possessing nuclear weaponry would be as normalised as having a military". Ending your speech with rhetorical questions/slightly open endings leaves a strong impact on listeners' mind. Demonstration – Once you’ve managed to get the committee’s attention, maintain it through demonstration: A) Of the extent of your problem – With the use of statistics, examples and mention of expert opinion B) Of the affects of your problem – How does it affect your target audience. Use examples and facts. Be vivid C) Of the causes of your problem – Support your issues with mention of historical disaster/past mishaps related to this topic Appeal for actions and motives of fair play, desire to save, pride, intelligence and community

19. THANK YOU