muscles of upper and lower limb.pptx......

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1. Chapter 3 The Myology

2. Section 4 Muscles of the upper limb The composition Ⅰ. The muscles of shoulder Ⅱ. The muscles of arm Ⅲ. The muscles of forearm Ⅳ. The muscles of hand

3. Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Subscapularis Ⅰ. The muscles of shoulder Six short muscles pass from the scapula to the humerus and act on the shoulder joint.

4. Deltoid ★ Origin: the lateral one-third of the clavicle, the acromion and spine of scapula. Insertion ： the deltoid tuberosity of humerus . Action: abduction, flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation.

5. Supraspinatus Origin: the supraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion ： the upper part of the greater tubercle of humerus Action: abducting the shoulder joint

6. Infraspinatus Origin: the infraspinous fossa Insertion ： the middle facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus Action: It laterally rotates and adducts the arm at shoulder joint.

7. Teres minor Origin: the lateral border of the scapula Insertion: the lowest facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus Action: rotates laterally ， extends, and adducts the arm at the shoulder joint

8. Teres major Origin: the inferior angle of the scapula Insertion: the medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus Action: adducts, medially rotates, and extends the arm at the shoulder joint.

9. Subscapularis Origin : the subscapular fossa Insertion: the lesser tubercle of the humerus Action: medial rotator and adductor of the humerus

10. The musculotendinous cuff ★ The tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis, are inserted into the articular capsule, forming a nearly complete circle around the shoulder joint. This arrangement is referred to as the musculotendinous cuff , which retains the head of the humerus in contact with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and maintains the stability of the shoulder joint.

11. Ⅱ. The muscles of the arm Ⅰ ) The anterior group Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Ⅱ ) The posterior group Triceps brachii

12. Ⅱ. The muscles of the arm Ⅰ ) The anterior group Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Ⅱ ) The posterior group Triceps brachii

13. Biceps brachii : ★ Origin: The short head of biceps brachii arises from the coracoid process . The long head arises from the supraglenoid tubercle. Insertion: the tuberosity of radius and into the fascia of forearm. Actions: flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm. It also helps to flex the shoulder joint.

14. Coracobrachialis : ★ Origin: coracoid process. Insertion: the middle part of the medial border of humerus . Actions: flex and abduct the shoulder joint.

15. Brachialis: ★ Origin: The distal half of the anterior surface of humerus . Insertion: the tuberosity of ulna. Actions: flexes elbow joint.

16. Triceps brachii : ★ Origin: Long hand- infraglenoid tuberosity of scapula, Lateral hand- posterior surface of humerus above radial groove, medial head- posterior surface of humerus , inferior to the radial groove Insertion: the olecranon of ulna. Actions: extend elbow joint and shoulder joint. abduct shoulder joint.

17. Ⅲ. The muscles of the forearm Ⅰ ) The anterior group ⅰ. The superficial layer ★ Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis

18. Brachioradialis : Origin: upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Insertion: the styloid process of radius . Actions: flexes the forearm at the elbow joint .

19. Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Origin: the medial epicondyle of the humerus by a common flexor tendon, and anterior surface of the radius and ulna.

20. Flexor digitorum superficialis

21. Ⅲ. The muscles of the forearm ⅱ .The deep layer Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Ⅰ ) The anterior group

22. Ⅱ ) The posterior group The superficial layer Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris

23. The deep layer ： Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis

24. Ⅳ. The muscles of the hand I) The lateral group (Thenar) Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis The intrinsic muscles of the hand are divided into three groups

25. Ⅱ ) The medial group (Hypothenar) Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi

26. Ⅲ ) The intermediate group Lumbricales Palmar interossei Dorsal interossei

27. Summarize To master the origin, insertion and actions of detoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis muscles. To master the names and positions of the muscles of shoulder. To master the names and positions of the muscles of forearm in order. To master the names and positions of the muscles of hand by groups. To explain the musculotendinous cuff. To identify the muscular landmarks:deltoid, biceps brachii, tendon of flexor carpi radialis, tendon of palmaris longus, tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, tendon of abductor pollicis longus, tendon of extensor pollicis brevis, tendon of extensor pollicis longus.

28. Section 5 The muscles of the lower limb Composition the muscles of hip the muscles of thigh the muscles of leg the muscles of foot

29. Section 5 The muscles of the lower limb The anterior group Iliopsoas Psoas major + iliacus Tensor fasciae latae iliotibial tract Ⅰ. The muscles of hip

30. Origin: the transverse processes, vertebral bodies and associated intervertebral discs of L1 to L5 vertebrae, the iliac fossa. Insertion : the lesser trochanter of femur. Action: flex the hip joint and rotate the thigh laterally. If the lower limb is fixed, they bend the vertebral column forward and flexes the lumbar region laterally. Iliopsoas ★ Psoas major + iliacus

31. Origin: anterior superior iliac spine Insertion : lateral condyle of the tibia by the iliotibial tract Action: flex the hip joint and steady the trunk on the thigh. Tensor fasciae latae

32. The posterior group Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Piriformis Obturator internus Quadratus femoris Obturator externus Ⅰ. The muscles of hip

33. Origin: the dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, dorsal portion of the iliac ala, and sacrotuberous ligament. Insertion : the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Action: extend the hip joint and rotate the thigh laterally. Gluteus maximus ★

34. Origin: the external surface of the iliac ala. Insertion : great trochanter of the femur. Action: abduct and rotate the thigh laterally. Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

35. Origin: the internal surface of obturator. Insertion : the trochanteric fossa of femur. Obturator internus Origin: the external surface of obturator. Insertion : the trochanteric fossa of femur. Obturator externus Origin: the front surface of sacrum. Insertion : the upper border of great trochanter of femur. Piriformis ★ Origin: the ischial tuberosity. Insertion : the intertrochanteric crest of femur. Action: rotate the thigh laterally. Quadratus femoris

36. Ⅰ ) The anterior group Sartorius Quadriceps Ⅱ ) The medial group Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Ⅲ ) The posterior group Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Ⅱ. The muscles of the thigh

37. Origin: the anterior superior iliac spine Insertion : medial surface of upper part of the shaft of tibia. Action: flex the knee joint, flex the hip joint. Sartorius ★ Anterior group

38. Origin: the anterior inferior iliac spine, linea aspera, anterior surface of femur. Insertion : tibial tuberosity. Action: extend the knee joint, flex the hip joint. Quadriceps femoris ★ Anterior group

39. The muscle is actually a composition of 4 distinct parts that have separate origins but a common insertion. The four distinct parts are usually described as ： ( 1 ) Rectus femoris , on the anterior aspect of the thigh, arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine. (2) Vastus lateralis , on the lateral aspect of the thigh, arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera. (3) Vastus medialis , on the medial aspect of the thigh, arises from the medial lip of the linea aspera.

40. (4) Vastus intermedius, located deep to the rectus femoris, between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft.

41. Ⅱ. The muscles of the thigh Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Medial group

42. Ⅱ. The muscles of the thigh Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Medial group

43. Origin: the surface of the bones surrounding the obturator foramen Insertion : linea aspera with the exception of gracilis which is inserted into the medial surface of the upper end of tibia shaft. Action: flex, adduct, and laterally rotate the hip joint. Medial group muscles of thigh

44. Origin: long head - ischial tuberosity, short head- linea aspera Insertion : the head of fibula Action: flex the knee joint, extend the hip joint. Biceps femoris ★ Posterior group

45. Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion : the medial surface of upper part of tibia Action: flex the knee joint, extend the hip joint. Semitendinosus ★ Posterior group

46. Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion : the medial condyle of tibia Action: flex the knee joint, extend the hip joint. Semimembranosus ★ Posterior group

47. Ⅲ. The muscles of the leg Ⅰ ) The anterior group Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Ⅱ ) The lateral group Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis

48. Ⅲ) The posterior group ⅰ . The superficial layer Triceps surae Gastrocnemius Soleus plantaris ⅱ . The deep layer popliteus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Ⅲ. The muscles of the leg

49. Origin: lateral surface of tibia Insertion : the medial cuneiform bone and the plantar surface of the base of the first metatarsal bone Action: dorsiflex ankle joint, invert the foot. Tibialis anterior ★ Ⅰ ) The anterior group

50. Extensor digitorum longus ★ Origin: lateral condyle of tibia, superior three-fourths of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane. Insertion : middle and distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digits Action: dorsiflex ankle joint, extend 2 nd to 5th toe. Ⅰ ) The anterior group

51. Origin: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion : the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe Action: dorsiflex ankle joint and extend big toe. Extensor hallucis longus ★ Ⅰ ) The anterior group

52. Origin: lateral surface of fibula shaft. Insertion : the plantar surface of the base of the first metatarsal bone and cuneiform bone； the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone Action: plantarflex ankle joint, help to maintain the transverse and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot. Peroneus longus ★ Peroneus brevis ★ Ⅱ ) The lateral group

53. Origin: medial and lateral condyles of the femur; the head of fibular, superior fourth of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia Insertion : inserted into the lower part of the posterior surface of calcaneus bone by tendo calcaneus(tendo Achillis). Action: plantarflex ankle joint, flex the knee joint. Triceps surae ★ (Gastrocnemius+Soleus) Ⅲ) The posterior group

54. The popliteus The popliteus weakly flexes and rotates the tibia medially at the knee.

55. Origin: posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous. Insertion : the base of the distal phalanges of the lateral four toes. Action: plantarflex ankle joint, flexes all joints of the lateral four toes. Flexor digitorum longus

56. Origin: posterior surface of fibula. Insertion : the base of the distal phalanges of the big toe. Action: plantarflex ankle joint, flexes all joints of the big toe. Flexor hallucis longus

57. Origin: posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous. Insertion : the intermedial and lateral cuneiform bones and the base of the 2nd,3rd and 4th metatarsal bone Action: plantarflex ankle joint, invert the foot. Tibialis posterior

58. Ⅳ . The muscles of the foot I) The dorsal muscles of the foot Extensor digitorum brevis

59. Ⅳ . The muscles of the foot Ⅱ ) The plantar muscles of the foot The plantar muscles are similar in hand arranged into medial, lateral and intermediate groups ⅰ. The medial group Abductor hallucis Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis

60. ⅲ. The intermediate group Flexor digitorum brevis Quadratus plantae Lumbricales Interosseous ⅱ. The lateral group Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis

61. Summarize To master the origin, insertion and actions of iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, piriformis, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, triceps surae. To master the names and positions of the muscles of hip, thigh, leg by groups. To know the names and positions of the muscles of foot by groups. To identify the muscular landmarks:quadriceps femoris, patellar ligament, gastrocnemius, soleus.

62. The End