Mussle cuture

Muscle culture srilanka

1. Marine mussel culture
G.P.Chamali kanchanamla
Msc in aquaculture and aquatic
resourse management

2. •
phylum-
mollusca

mussels
oyster
clams
Class-Bivalvia
scallops

3. •Mussels are under Phylum Mollusca.
•15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels,
scallops, and other members of the phylum
Mollusca characterized...
•Mussels belongs to Class-bivalvia
•These are molluscs with two shells
•Most use their large muscular foot for
burrowing in the mud or sand at the bottom of
ocean
•They are filter feeders

4. •Mussel, any of numerous bivalve mollusks
belonging to the
marine family -Mytilidae
freshwater family -Unionidae.

•Worldwide in distribution they are most common
in cool seas.

•A few species (in the genus Bathymodiolus) have
colonized hydrothermal vents associated with
deep ocean ridges

5. •Marine mussels are usually wedge-shaped or
pear-shaped and range in size from about 5 to
15 cm(about 2 to 6 inches).

•They may be smooth or ribbed and often have a
hairy covering.

•The shells of many species are dark blue or dark
greenish brown on the outside on the inside
they are often pearly.

6. •Mussels attach themselves to solid objects or to
one another by proteinaceous threads
called byssus threads

•They often occur in dense clusters. Some burrow
into soft mud or wood.

•Principal enemies of the mussel are birds
(e.g.,herring gulls, oystercatchers, ducks),
starfishes, and dog whelks.

7. D is t r ib u t io n a n d h a b i t a t
•Marine mussels are abundant in the low and
mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally.
• Other species of marine mussel live in tropical
intertidal areas.
•but not in the same huge numbers as in
temperate zones.
• Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt
marshes or quiet bays.
•while others thrive in pounding surf, completely
covering wave-washed rocks.

8. •Mussel farming has a long history that dates
back to the thirteenth century.
• The main producers of mussels are countries
such as China, Korea, Spain, Netherlands,
Denmark, Philippines, France and New
Zealand.
• Approximately 17 species of edible mussels
are cultured and harvested worldwide.

9. •Widely distributed to the coastal areas of the
Indo-Pacific region.
•In the Philippines, mussel culture started only in
1962.
•In the wild, mussels are mostly found in the
littoral zone.
•China ranks first in the production of cultured
mussels in the world.
• In India, mussel culture is becoming popular in
the Malabar area

10. Majorly cultured mussels species

–Perna viridis (green mussel)
–Perna indica (brown mussel)
–Perna perna (brown mussel)
–Mytilus edulis (blue mussel)
–Modiolus metcalfei (brown mussel)

11. C u lt u r e d m u s s e l s p e c ie s
•Among the mussels proliferating in the coastal
areas of the tropical zone, the green mussel
Perna viridis is the only species farmed
commercially.
•In the temperate zone, it is the blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis, as this species can grow at low
seawater temperatures.
•The brown mussel, Modiolus metcalfei which
form dense mats on muddy bottoms in shallow
bays are simply gathered.

12. Taxonomic Classification
Perna indica, Perna viridis, perna perna


Scientific classification

Perna indica, Perna viridis,
perna perna
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
Order: Mytiloida
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Perna
Species indica,
viridis,perna

13. Perna viridis (green mussel)
•Perna viridis, known as the Asian green mussel
•Perna viridis is harvested commercially in the
Indo-Pacific as a human food resource
•Fast growth species
•P. viridis is one of the best mussel species to test
for bio pollution
•It is not recommended for consumption when
found in toxic area

14. •Perna indica (brown mussle)

•It is known as Indian brown mussel
•Eastern Indian Ocean is native area for them
•Use as edible organism to human consumption

15. •perna perna ( brown mussel)

•Perna perna native to the tropics and the
subtropics area
•The edible brown mussel has been harvested in
Africa and in South America.
•Good candidate for cultivation mainly because
they have a rapid growth rate.
•P. perna contribute a biodiversity and functioning
of a healthy rocky shore ecosystem
•

16. Scientific classification
Mytilus edulis

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
Order: Mytiloidea
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Mytilus
Species Mytilus edulis

17. Mytilus edulis (blue mussle)




•Mytilus edulis is found in coastal areas of the
northern Atlantic Ocean, including North America,
Europe.
•They are used in commercial aquaculture
•Blue mussels are considered as an important food
source
•shells are used in jewelry manufacturing.
• Blue mussels also help limit algae growth

18. Scientific classification

Modiolus metacalfei
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
Order: Mytilida
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Modiolus
Species M. metacalfei

19. •Modiolus metacalfei (brown mussle)




•Attached prop roots, on muddy bottoms of
sheltered bays
• especially in areas under the influence of
freshwater supply. Littoral and sublittoral to a
depth of 25 m
•considered as an important food source

20. Anatomy of mussel

•gills - used for both feeding and breathing. "As the
mussel sucks water into its shell to breathe, it also
draws in the microscopic plankton which it filters and
sends to its mouth." foot - used for digging and
anchoring

•teeth - help the valves (shells) to interlock

•ligament - causes the valves (shells) to open and close

•beak - the oldest part of the
shell, two valves (shells) are
hinged together

•anterior and posterior
adductors - the adductors
draw the two valves (shells)
together

21. Feeding
•Mussels are ciliary-mucoid filter feeders,
which feed on phytoplankton, zooplankton,
and detritus.
•It has four rows of gills which serve as both
respiratory organ and filter feeding
apparatus

22. Growth
•In natural bed, mussels have grown to 96 mm, 132
mm and 156 mm in 1-3 years respectively.
•P. viridis grows to




•At Ermore Backwater, green mussels have
grown to 64 mm in 8 months

•P. indica of 20 mm have reached 55 mm in one
year when grown in ropes.

23. •It is grows slow as compared to the green
mussel.
•Cultured mussels reached marketable size of
60-64 mm within 5 months and in 11 months
they reached 85 mm.

24. Reproduction
•In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside
the body, with a larval stage that drifts for
three weeks to six months.
• before settling on a hard surface as a young
mussel.
•There, it is capable of moving slowly by means
of attaching and detaching byssal threads to
attain a better life position

25. •2 relatively distinct phases life-cycle of Mussel:
•1
st
- A free swimming planktonic or larval
stage 2
nd-
A sessile adult stage
+
•*The free swimming larvae remains planktonic
for 7– 15 days depending on:
•-H
2O temp.,
•-Food supply
•& -Availability of settling materials.

26. •At about 2–5 weeks old, the larvae
(0.25–0.3 mm) seek a suitable substrate to
settle
• Final metamorphosis takes place, changing its
internal organ structure to the adult form.
• The young spat then grow rapidly, and within
4–8 weeks after settlement,
•they measure 3–4 mm in shell length*
•*this shell length does not necessarily reflect the meat content

27. Seed collection for culture
• Healthy seeds from the natural beds are to be
collected for seeding

•The site selected for collection of seed should be
free from pollutants.

•Seed collected from the submerged (sub tidal)
areas will be healthier.

•After removing other organisms and weeds, the
seeds may be washed thoroughly in seawater.

28. •Ideal size of seed is 20 -25 mm.
•About 500 to 750 g of seed will be required for
seeding on one-meter length of rope.
•The length of rope is decided by considering the
depth where the raft/rack is positioned.
•Nylon rope of 12-14 mm or 15-20 mm coir
rope can be used for seeding.
•Old cotton net, cotton mosquito net or
cheap cotton cloth etc.
•It is used for covering the seeds around the
rope.

29. •After placing the rope over the seed, the net is
tightly stitched in such a way that the seeds
spread uniformly around the rope

30. C U LTU R E AS P E C TS

•The cultivation of mussels has taken various
forms in different countries of the world.
•However, as in all farming procedures, it
requires careful consideration of
environmental, ecological and seasonal factors
• In order to ensure proper growth and survival
of the stock through harvest

31. Site selection for Mussels Culture
Primary factors
-Area location
-substrate
-water depth
-water quality
-Food availability
-Seed availability


Secondary factors
-Environment pollution
-resource competition
-poaching

32. Criteria for Site Selection
•Site location
•Water quality
•Bottom type
•Cultured mussel species

33. Site selection
•Suitable sites for mussel cultivation :

–well protected or sheltered covers and bays preferred
than open un-protected areas.
–Sites affected by strong wind and big waves could
damage the stock and culture materials therefore, must
be avoided.
–Another important consideration is the presence of
natural mussel spat fall. ( as seed for culture is taken
from the natural environment)

34. –Should not select, areas serving as catchment basins
for excessive flood H
2O, during heavy rains.
(Flood H
2O would instantly change the temperature and
salinity of the seawater, which is detrimental to the
mussel.)

–Flood H
2O would instantly change the temperature
and salinity of the seawater, which is detrimental to
the mussel.
–Sites accessible by land or H
2O transportation are
preferred, so that culture materials and harvests can
be transported easily.

35. Water quality
•Areas rich in plankton, usually greenish in color,
should be selected.
(as they are filter feeders they mostly depend on natural
environment for feeding)
•Water should be clean and free from pollution.
( some times mussel absorb toxic, heavy metals )
•Sites near densely populated areas shouldn’t
be selected in order to avoid domestic pollution

36. •In addition, the culture areas should be far from:
–dumping activities of industrial wastes & agricultural
pesticides and herbicides.

•H
2Os too rich in nutrients,
–cause dinoflagellate blooms & render the
mussels temporarily dangerous for human intake

37. H
2O physio-chemical parameters are also
important factors to be considered
•The optimum temp. required for mussel growth:
range from 27–30 °C
•The ideal H
2O salinity: 27–35 ppt.
•H
2O current during flood tide:
17–25 cm/s
•While at ebb-tide:
25–35 cm/second should be observed
•Favorable H
2O depth for culture:
2 m and above,
both for spat collection and cultivation

38. Bottom type
•Bottom consisting of mixture the sand and mud
-This gives yields of mussel than firm ones according to
observations
-It also provides less effort in driving the stakes into the
bottom.

•Shifting bottoms must be avoided.

39. •Overall growth of the mussel:
-Factors affecting shell measurement-
-Temperature,
-Salinity,
-Food availability,
-Disturbances &
-Competition for space.

40. B) Farming Techniques of
Mussels

41. •Culture Methods Mussel culture, as practiced in
many countries, is carried out by using a variety
of culture methods based on the prevailing
hydrographical, social and economic conditions.
•Mainly there are three types of culture
methods-
• Bottom culture
• Inter-tidal and shallow water culture
• Deep water culture

42. Bottom culture
•The method growing mussels directly on the bottom

•In this culture system a firm bottom is required with:

–adequate tidal flow to prevent silt
deposition

–removal of excreta,

– provide sufficient Oxygen for the cultured
animals

43. •If the natural spatfall grounds are unsatisfactory
for growing,
-the seedlings are transferred to safer and richer ground
or to private growing plots until the marketable size is
attained.

•Natural conditions control the quality &
quantity of food ,in the H
2O flowing over the
farming plots.
•Marketable mussels are are clean before the
sold
•This method requires a minimum investment

44. Disadvantages:

-The heavy predation by oyster drills,fish
starfish, crabs, etc.
-siltation
-poor growth
-& relatively low yields per unit culture area

45. B o t t o m C u l t u r e
Bottom Culture

47. Intertidal and Shallow H
2O Culture
•The culture methods that fall under this category
are usually practiced in the intertidal zone.
•The culture facilities are set in such a way that
the mussels are submerged at all times.
Rack Culture
-Hanging Method - Stake (tulos) Method

-Tray Culture - Wig-wam Culture

-Rope-web Culture - Bouchot Culture

48. Rack Culture


•This is an off-bottom type of mussel
culture.
•Rack culture is predominantly practiced in
the Philippines & Italy
•where sea bottom is usually soft and
muddy & tidal range is narrow.
•The process involves setting of artificial
collectors on poles or horizontal structures
built over or near natural spawning
grounds of the shellfish.

49. Rack culture

50. The different variations used are as follows:
•Hanging method
–The process starts with the preparation of the spat
collectors or clutches
•Nylon ropes or strings, No. 4, are threaded with coco fibre
supported by bamboo pegs or empty oyster shells at 10 cm
intervals.
•These collectors are hung on horizontal bamboo poles at
0.5 m apart.
•A piece of steel or stone is attached at the end of
the rope to prevent the collector to float to the surface.

51. •Nylon ropes or strings, No. 4, are threaded with
coco fibre supported by bamboo pegs or empty
oyster shells at 10 cm intervals.
•These collectors are hung on horizontal bamboo
poles at 0.5 m apart.
•A piece of steel or stone is attached at the end of
the rope to prevent the collector to float to the
surface.

52. Hanging Method

53. Hanging Mussel (Bitin) Culture Method on
bamboo plots as practiced in the
Philippines

54. Stake (tulos) Method

•The stake method is midway between
the rack and bottom methods.

• Bamboo poles, 4–6 m in length are staked
firmly at the bottom in rows, 0.5–1 m apart
during low tide in areas about 3.0 m deep and
above.

• In areas where water current is strong,
bamboo poles are kept in place by nailing
long horizontal bamboo supports between
rows.

Collected spats are allowed to grow in-situ
until marketable size, 5–10 cm after 6–10
months.

55. •It has been observed, that about 2,000–3,000
seeds attach on 1 meter of stake, 1–2 m below
low water level.

57. Tray culture

•Tray culture of mussels is limited to detached
clusters of mussels.

•Bamboo or metal trays, 1.5 m × 1 m × 15 cm
sidings are used.

•The tray is either hang between poles of the
hanging or stake methods or suspended on
four bamboo posts

58. Tray Culture

59. *Mussel tray culture method as also practiced in the
Philippines.

60. Wig-wam culture
•This method requires a central bamboo pole
serving as the pivot from which 8 full-length
bamboo poles are made to radiate by firmly
staking the butt ends into the bottom and nailing
the ends to the central pole, in a wigwam
fashion.


•The stakes are driven 1.5 m apart and 2 m away
from the pivot.

•.

61. •To further support the structure, horizontal
bamboo braces are nailed to the outside
frame above the low tide mark.

•Spats settle on the bamboos and are allowed
to grow to the marketable size in 8–10
months

62. Wig-wam Culture

63. •Rope-web culture
•The rope-web method of mussel culture was
first tried in Sapian Bay, Capiz, in 1975 by a
private company.

•It is an expensive type of culture utilizing
synthetic nylon ropes, 12 mm in diameter.

•The ropes are made into webs tied vertically to
bamboo poles.

64. •A web consists of two parallel ropes with a
length of 5 m each and positioned 2 m
apart.

•They are connected to each other by a 40 m
long rope tied or fastened in a zigzag fashion
at an interval of 40 cm between knots along
each of the parallel ropes.

65. •The method is laborious and expensive but
the durability of the ropes which could last
for several years might render it economical
on the long run.
•However, the effect of the culture method on
the culture ground is detrimental
•to the point that the areas become no
longer suitable for mussel farming

66. Rope-web Culture

67. Bouchot Culture
•This culture is mainly undertaken in France.
•This is also called the “pole culture” or
stake culture.
What’s the difference?
•The poles, used are big branches or trunks of
oak tree, 4–6 m in length,
•then staked in rows, 0.7 m apart on soft &
muddy bottoms of the intertidal zone during low
tide.

68. •Mussel seeds are collected on coco-fiber
ropes.
•Young adults, 3–5 mm in size are placed in
long netlon tubes (10 m in length)
•& attached around the oak poles in a
spiral fashion, until marketable size.
•Reported that for an estimated length of
about 600 km “bouchot” netlon,

69. Bouchot Culture

70. Deep Water Culture
Raft Culture
Long-line Culture
-Static Long-line (Surface Structure)

-Dynamic Long-line (Submerged
Structure)

71. Deep H
2O Culture
•Raft Culture
–Mussel seeds that settle freely on rocks or on rope
collectors are suspended from a raft.

–When the weight of the bivalves on a given rope
exceeds a certain limit, the rope is taken out

–and again distributed over a greater length until
marketable size. It is a continuous thinning of the
mussel stock to provide ample space to grow.

72. •The raft may be an old wooden boat with a
system of outrigger built around it.
•Other kinds of rafts could be a catamaran-
type boat carrying some 1000 rope hangings,
or just an ordinary plain wooden raft with
floats and anchors.
•Floats can be made of plastic, wood, oil drums,
etc.
•The raft is transferred from one place to
another using a motor boat.

73. •From a catamaran-type raft with 1,000
ropes, 6–9 m in length, about 4,666–5,333
MT of marketable mussel can be produced.
•Advantages:
-reduce predation
-utilization of planktonic food at all levels of
H
2O
-& minimum siltation

74. Raft Culture

76. Long-line Culture
•An alternative to raft culture in areas less
protected from wave action.
•A long-line supported by a series of small floats
joined by a cable or chain and anchored at the
bottom on both end is employed.
•Collected mussel spats on ropes or strings are
suspended on the line.
•The structure is fairly flexible.

77. Long-line Culture

•An alternative to raft culture in areas less
protected from wave action.
•A long-line supported by a series of small floats
joined by a cable or chain and anchored at the
bottom on both end is employed.
•Collected mussel spats on ropes or strings are
suspended on the line.
•The structure is fairly flexible.

78. Two types of Long-line Culture:
-Static long-line (Surface)
-Dynamic long-line (Submerged)

79. Long-line Culture

81. Mussel transplantation to new site
•Transplantation of young mussels from natural
spawning grounds to sites
•with favorable conditions for growth
is practiced in numerous countries .
•In the Philippines, however, mussel transplantation
•to new sites is being encouraged to develop new
areas for mussel culture, due to various reasons.

82. •Major reasons are:

-rampant pollution of some existing mussel areas

-urbanization growth near mussel farms

- & competitive use of lands
•Mussels to be transplanted could be breeders or
young adults. However there are points to be
considered.

83. •Important points to be considered are:
-conditions from natural spawning areas must
be almost similar to the new area
- mussels on original collectors showed
better survival than those detached & in
transporting
- the mussel avoid being exposed to heat
and freshwater

84. Advantages of mussel culture
•High production of animal protein
•Reduction of malnutrition
•Utilization of unused water bodies
•Earning foreign exchange
•Creating employment opportunity
•Use as remedy to water pollution

85. present culture situation in Sri Lanka and
future opportunities
•Although bivalve are available in coastal waters of
Sri Lanka, bivalve culture is still at the
experimental stage.
•At present, NARA and International Development
Research Centre (IDRC) practising research of
mollusc culture in the country.
• Perna viridis, P. perna, identified as more
attention species.
•culture experiments conducted by NARA are
facing problems due to the limited supply of
seed.

86. •Lack of skilled labour is one reason in this
sector.
•Although this kind of food is not particularly
popular among Sri Lankans
•An export-orientated industry for some
bivalves in some areas of the country has just
started

87. •Natural beds of the brown mussel P. perna are
mainly distributed along the coast going from
Chilaw to Hambantota.
•However important natural beds have been
detected off Kalipitiya and Trincomalee Bay.

88. •The technical staff of the National Aquatic
Resources Agency is the only group currently
active in the field of applied mussle culture
research.
•The on-going experiments on oyster and mussel
spat collection and culture carried out by the
Agency have produced encouraging results. But
much more research is required.

89. Punctada vulgaris
Punctada magratifera
• identified as suitable species to srilankan
marine water for pearl culture

90. challenges
•Lack of infrastructure facilities
•Lack of technical knowledge
•Lack of seed production practise
•Lack of financial support

91. strengths
•Availability of suitable mussel species
•Availability of spat, suitable culture site, low
lebour cost
•Suitable water quality
•Suitable tidal flow and hegiht

92. •Eutrophication of coastal waters is a serious
environmental Problem
• One possible method to solve this is the
cultivation of filter-feeding organisms, such as
blue mussels, which remove nitrogen while
generating seafood.
•Accumulation of bio-toxins has been identified
as the largest impediment to further expansion
of commercial mussel farming
•So when consume the mussel as food source
have to more concern about it
??????????? Careful????????????

95. reference
•Korringa, P. 1976. Economic aspects of mussel farming. Proc. FAO Tech. Conf.
on Aquaculture

•Narasimharm K. A. 1980. Fishery and biology of the green mussel Perna
viridis (Linnaeus). Mussel Farming : Progress and prospects : CMFRI
Bulletin,29 :10-17.

•Farming of mussels and oysters,Hermenegildo S. Sitoy.Aquaculture
Department,Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo,
Philippines

•1984a. Molluscan seed production: collection of seed from the wild.
Tigbauan,Iloilo: UNDP/FAO Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia,
Philippine Lead Center,SEAFDEC AQD. 39 p. Doc. Ref. no. AQUA-
TRAIN/NACA/84-023

•Presentation on”why bivalve farming is important to srilanka”prof:
W.M.T.B.Wanninayake.biology webiner series 2020