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mutation

1. Chromosome Is a long DNA molecule with part of all the genetic materials of an organism.

2. Humans have 46 chromosomes Or 23 pairs They are paired as one comes from the father and mother The first 22 pairs of chromosome are called autosomes And 23 rd pair are the Sex chromosomes.

3. Female Chromosome = XX Male Chromosome = XY

4. Mutants arise by mutation occurring in pre- existing genomes as a result of errors of DNA replication or errors of DNA repair.

5. GENETIC MUTATION

6. Objectives Examine different types of mutations Describe and observe the possible effects of mutations Evaluate the cause , effect and benefits of mutation

7. W hat is mutation? Any change in the DNA sequence. change in genetic code It may cause change in kind, sequence and number of amino acid

8. Analogy for mutation When a teacher told you to copy a DNA sequence in the board, sometimes you make a mistake on copying the sequence in your notebook. The scenario also occur during DNA replication IT MAY RESULT IN DIFFERENT MESSAGE

9. EXAMPLE THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CA R

10. M utagen Is one of the factors of mutation, it can be in form of toxic chemicals, viral infection and harmful radiation. Mistakes that occur during replication, mitoses, meiosis can alter the DNA sequence.

11. Two type of mutation based on causes: Hereditary/germline mutation - these are inherited from parents like colorblindness. They are present in almost cells including body cell and sex cells.

12. Acquired/Somatic mutation - These occur because of environmental exposure to chemical or disease.

13. Mutation can occur in cells Reproductive cell Body/Somatic cell

14. Reproductive cells Gametes or sex cells, Mutation in sex cells passes onto offspring, by changing the sequence of nucleotide within a gene in a sperm or egg cell.

15. Body cells Mutation in body can cause cancer.

16. What is mutation? How about mutagen? What are the mutation occur in cell?

17. Test I Any change in the DNA sequence is called? Ribonucleic acid c. Mutation Deoxyribose 2&3 .What are the two mutation occur in cells. 4. _________ Anything that cause mutation? R eproductive cells c. M utagens Somatic cells 5&6 . What is the two types of mutation base on causes ?

18. 7. A mutation is defined as: a . A change in the cell’s structure b. Any change in the physical features of a human c. A change in the DNA sequence 8, 9&10 Give two example of Mutagens

19. Test II If you could have a magic power like a mutants, which power would you want and why?