MX3086 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA.pptx

MX3086 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

1. MX3086 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA Sarika A S Assistant Professor ECE Department

2. Syllabus UNIT-I CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVES Meaning of History, Objectivity , Determinism, Relativism, Causation, Generalization in History; Moral judgment in history, Extent of subjectivity, contrast with physical sciences, interpretation and speculation, causation verses evidence, concept of historical inevitability, Historical Positivism. Science and Technology-Meaning, Scope and Importance, Interaction of science, technology & society, Sources of history on science and technology in India. UNIT-II HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA Introduction to the works of D.D. Kosambi , Dharmpal , Debiprasad Chattopadhyay , Rehman , S. Irfan Habib , Deepak Kumar, Dhruv Raina , and others. UNIT-III SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT INDIA Technology in pre-historic period Beginning of agriculture and its impact on technology Science and Technology during Vedic and Later Vedic times Science and technology from 1st century AD to C-1200. UNIT-IV SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA Legacy of technology in Medieval India, Interactions with Arabs Development in medical knowledge, interaction between Unani and Ayurveda and alchemy Astronomy and Mathematics: interaction with Arabic Sciences Science and Technology on the eve of British conquest

3. Syllabus UNIT-V SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN COLONIAL INDIA Science and the Empire Indian response to Western Science Growth of techno-scientific institutions UNIT-VI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN A POST-INDEPENDENT INDIA Science, Technology and Development discourse Shaping of the Science and Technology Policy Developments in the field of Science and Technology Science and technology in globalizing India Social implications of new technologies like the Information Technology and Biotechnology

4. Unit I – Concepts and Perspectives

5. Meaning of History Study of Past Events : History involves the systematic examination and analysis of past events, actions, and phenomena that have shaped human societies and civilizations. Historians collect and analyze evidence from various sources such as written records, archaeological artifacts, oral traditions, and visual materials to reconstruct and interpret the past.

6. History of Science and Technology in India India boasts a rich history of scientific and technological achievements dating back thousands of years. Ancient Indian civilizations, such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Vedic period, made significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and architecture. India boasts a rich history of scientific and technological achievements dating back thousands of years. During the classical period (roughly from 5th century to 6 th century), India experienced a "Golden Age" of scientific and intellectual advancement. This era saw remarkable progress in fields such as mathematics (notably with the development of the decimal system and concept of zero), astronomy (with the formulation of sophisticated astronomical theories), and medicine

7. Objectivity Objectivity in history refers to the impartiality and neutrality with which historical events are examined, interpreted, and presented . Historians strive to maintain objectivity by avoiding bias, personal opinions, and subjective interpretations in their analysis of historical evidence. They aim to present a balanced and accurate portrayal of events, considering multiple perspectives and sources of evidence.

8. Determinism Determinism in history is a philosophical concept that suggests that historical events are determined by a chain of causality, where past events inevitably lead to future outcomes.

9. Relativism '"Relativism" is the view that every belief on a certain topic, or perhaps about any topic, is as good as every other. Relativism is the belief that something might be right for you but wrong for me. Basically it means that each person becomes his or her own god, deciding what is right and good. Some real life examples would be if someone believes stealing is ok if you are hungry

10. Causation Causation is the why behind events; understanding it is the way historians get at the heart of the matter . Examples , such as “the passage of the Intolerable Acts caused the American Revolution” or “slavery caused the Civil War.”

11. Generalization in History Generalization in history refers to the process of drawing broad conclusions or patterns from specific historical events, circumstances, or evidence. One example of a generalization in history is the concept of "the decline of empires." Historians have observed that many large empires throughout history, such as the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire, experienced a pattern of rise, peak, and eventual decline.

12. Moral judgment in history Moral judgment in history refers to the process of evaluating past actions, events, and individuals based on moral principles or standards. Consider the decision by President Harry Truman to authorize the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Historians and scholars continue to debate the morality of this decision. Some argue that it was a necessary measure to end the war quickly and save lives that would have been lost in a prolonged conflict. Others contend that the use of atomic weapons constituted a disproportionate and morally indefensible act of violence against civilians.

13. Extent of subjectivity The extent of subjectivity in history refers to the degree to which the interpretation and analysis of historical events are influenced by the perspectives, biases, and values of the historian.

14. Interpretation Historical interpretation is the description, analysis, and explanation of past events.  Historical interpretation is the process by which we describe, analyze, evaluate, and create an explanation of past events.

15. speculation Speculation in history refers to the process of making educated guesses or hypotheses about events, circumstances, or motives based on available evidence. It involves using reasoning and inference to fill in gaps in the historical record where direct evidence is lacking. Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas. While there is evidence to suggest that Columbus sought a direct route to Asia to access valuable spices and other goods, some historians speculate that he may have also been motivated by a desire for fame, fortune, or to spread Christianity. These speculations are based on indirect evidence such as Columbus's personal writings and the political and social context of his time, but they cannot be definitively proven or disproven.

16. Concept of historical inevitability The concept of historical inevitability suggests that certain events or outcomes in history are bound to happen or occur in a particular way, regardless of human actions or decisions. This concept is often associated with determinism, the idea that events are determined by preceding events or natural laws. For example, some historians argue that the rise of capitalism in Europe was historically inevitable due to factors such as technological advancements and changing social structures.

17. causation verses evidence Causation refers to the relationship between events, where one event (the cause) brings about another event (the effect). Historians seek to understand causation by identifying and analyzing the factors that contributed to o Evidence, on the other hand, refers to the information or sources that historians use to support their interpretations of the past. Evidence can take many forms, including written documents, archaeological artifacts, oral histories, and statistical data.

18. HISTORY IN CONTRAST WITH PHYSICAL SCIENCES History and physical science represent distinct approaches to understanding the world History focuses on human experiences, actions, and societies, while physical science explores the natural world's phenomena . Historians delve into primary sources like texts, artifacts, and oral histories to reconstruct narratives of the past, analyzing events within their cultural, social, and political contexts. In contrast, physical scientists use quantitative methods and controlled experiments to study the natural laws governing the physical universe, seeking to uncover fundamental principles that explain observable phenomena . Predictability and causation

19. HISTORICAL POSITIVISM

20. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-MEANING, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

21. Meaning of Science and Technology 1. Science is a subject that explains the cause and effect relationship of many incidents 2. Science is a subject that explains various components and the characteristics of nature 3. Science is both a body of knowledge and the process of acquiring and refining knowledge

22. Scope of Science and Technology