mycotoxins and it various types by manoj

Mytosin and its types

1. SST-512 Mycotoxins – Types and its impact Submitted by:- MANOJ KUMAR Submitted to:- Dr. NK BHARAT Department of Seed Science and Technology Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and forestry Nauni , Solan (HP).

2. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin is derived from the Greek word " mykes “, meaning fungus and the Latin word " toxicum ” meaning poison. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that cause pathological or undesirable physiological responses in humans and other animals. The study of mycotoxicology actually began in 1891, when Sakaki, in Japan, demonstrated that an ethanol extract from moldy, unpolished yellow rice was fatal to dogs, pigs, and rabbits, causing paralysis of the central nervous system.

3. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry TYPES OF MYCOTOXINS

4. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry Aflatoxins Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavous and Aspergillus parasiticus . Other species may produce other toxins such as A. flavus produces aflatoxin B1 and B2 and A. parasiticus produces aflatoxin G1, G2, M1 as well as B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 can cause liver damage to most domestic and experimental animals and humans. Ochratoxin Ochratoxin A is produced by A. alliaceus , A melleus , A. ostianus and A. petrakii etc. In humans it can be responsible for kidney degeneration which can lead to death in extreme cases. It is lethal to dogs, mice and pigs. It occurs in cereals, grains and other plant products, animal feeds, meats and human tissues in countries throughout the world

5. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry Trichothecenes They are produced by several fungal genera such as Cylindrocarpon , Fusarium and Phomosis etc. It causes vomiting, skin irritation etc. Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Claviceps and are associated with rye and triticale in northern latitudes. It results in reduced weight gain, reproductive efficiency and milk production. Ruminants grazing on infested plants during cold winters cause appetite loss, swelling of hind limbs and weight loss.

6. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry Patulin Produced by many species of Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Initially was considerd as a cure of common cold but later was found too toxic for use. The toxicity by oral intake is low so it poses little threat to humans. Zearalenone Produced by F. roseum and F. tricinctum occur along with other trichothecenes. It results in anabolic activity in animals and is associated with reddening and swelling of vulva, vaginal and rectal prolapse. It occur in cereals, maize and in animal feeds.

7. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry Penicillic acid It occurs in maize and poultry diets. It has not shown to cause animals and humans. Citreovirdin It is a acutely toxic to mice. The disease beriberi has been associated with consumption of moldy “yellow rice” which results in a ban on the sale of yellow rice in Japan in 1910. In several animal species it causes vomiting, paralysis and respiratory arrest.

8. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry Citrinin It was discovered as antibiotic during 1940s but proved too toxic to use. It is considered a hazardous mycotoxin. It is harmful to domestic animals such as birds, dogs and pigs. FUNGI KNOWN TO PRODUCE MYCOTOXINS Important mycotoxins are produced by different species of fungi. Mycotoxins may be produced by field fungi, such as Cladosporium, Claviceps purpurea, Diplodia maydis, Fusarium, Phomopsis , and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , and by storage fungi, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium .

9. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry FACTORS AFFECTING MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION A. HOST SPECIES Substrate factors are involved in the contamination process Aflatoxin production varies among cultivars. B. FUNGAL INVASION A high infection level results in high mycotoxin production. Seed infection and aflatoxin contamination always were greater in silk inoculated plots than in naturally infected plots. C. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES Agronomic practices such as planting time, soil type, fertilizer, drought stress, harvesting, moisture content, temperature and pH etc. also affecting mycotoxin production

10. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS Losses due to mycotoxins can be significant depending upon the amount of mycotoxins produced. They can effect in following ways:- YIELD REDUCTION In 1979 about 90 % of maize crop in southeastern US was contaminated with aflatoxin. INHIBITION OF SEED GERMINATION UNITS OF TRADE (May be unfit for human consumption) EXTRA COST FOR SEED ANALYSIS EXTRA COST TO DRY INFECTED GRAIN ADDITIONAL COST OF DETOXIFYING

11. Dr. YS Parmar University Of Horticulture &Forestry THANK YOU