Nanomaterials and Anti-microbial agents

nanomaterials, Anti-microbial agents, types, uses and disadvantages

1. NANOPARTICLES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to nanoparticles Types of nanoparticles Characterization of nanomaterials Mode of Action Test used to determine the antimicrobial properties Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles Antiviral and antifungal studies on nanoparticles Applications of nanoparticles Advantages of nanoparticles Disadvantages of nanoparticles In MnP curation

3. Multiple drug resistance (M D R)

4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (N D D S ) Approaches , formulations, technologies and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect

5. INTRODUCTION TO NANOPARTICLES Nano derived from the Greek word “ nanos ”, meaning dwarf or extremely small A nanometer is a billionth of a meter or 10 ¯⁹ m Solid colloidal particles ranging from 1 – 1000 nm in size Small, truncated triangular nanoparticles with larger surface to volume ratios-strongest biocidal action

6. Matrix type structure in which the drug is dispersed Membrane wall structure and an inner core containing the drug TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES Nanotubes

7. 1. CHEMICAL Precipitation Sol-gel method Solvothermal synthesis 2. PHYSICAL Laser ablation Ultrasonication 3. BIOLOGICAL Plant extracts Bacteria Fungi PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES

8. EXAMPLES OF NANOMATERIALS Silver nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles Magnesium oxide nanoparticles Copper oxide nanoparticles Aluminium nanoparticles Titanium dioxide nanoparticles Zinc oxide nanoparticles

9. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS Spectrophotometry: to check the concentration of nanoparticles in the solution X-ray diffraction experiments: shape characteristics Field emission scanning electron microscopy: morphological analysis Transmission electron microscopy: particle size distribution

10. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOPARTICLES 1. Directly interacts with the microbial cells by a. Interrupting trans-membrane electron transfer b. Disrupting or penetrating the cell envelope c. Oxidizing cell components 2. By producing secondary products a. Reactive oxygen species b. Dissolved heavy metal ions

11. Cell membrane disruption Protein Cell membrane DNA damage Ag(I) Zn(II) Release of heavy metal ions Mitochondria damage Interrupted transmembrane electron transport Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ROS production MODE OF ACTION OF NANOPARTICLES (NPs) AGAINST BACTERIA Oxidized cellular component

12. Mode of action of nanoparticles on gram positive bacteria

13. Mode of action of nanoparticles on gram NEGATIVE bacteria

14. TEST USED TO DETERMINE THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AGAR DISK DIFFUSION METHOD Culture both gram positive and negative bacteria on LB agar medium Pour liquid Mueller Hinton agar (pH 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25 °C) onto disposable sterilized Petri dishes Allow to solidify; dry surfaces of solidified agar plates in incubator Place the microbial culture over the surface of agar plates Spread uniformly using sterilized glass rod Dry the plate surface Apply nanoparticle loaded disks to the surface of the seeded agar plates using sterile forceps Incubate for 24 hrs at 37 °C Measure the zone of inhibition

15. Antiviral studies of nanoparticles Undeveloped area Metal NPs- as anti-viral systems taking advantage of the core material and/or the ligands shell Ag nanoparticles - against HIV-1 at non- cytotoxic concentrations exert anti-HIV activity at an early stage of viral replication prevent CD4-dependent virion binding, fusion, and infectivity-act as an virucidal agent against both cell-free virus and cell-associated virus

16. Antifungal activity of metal nanoparticles Limited studies on the antifungal activity of metal nanoparticles Nano-Ag exhibit potent activity against clinical isolates and ATCC strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida species Antifungal activity of nano-Ag-effects on the mycelia Application in biostabilization of footwear materials

17. APPLICATIONS of NANOPARTICLES Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity - bandages, catheters and other materials to prevent infection (healing of wounds and burns) Household products such as bedding, washers, water purification systems, tooth paste, shampoo, fabrics, deodorants Titanium dioxide nanoparticle - cosmetics, filters that exhibit strong germicidal properties and remove odors, and in conjunction with silver as an antimicrobial agent

18. Titanium dioxide- self cleaning and self-disinfecting material for surface coatings in many applications and in food industries for disinfecting equipments Photo catalytic activity - waste water treatment Zinc oxide ( ZnO ) and copper oxide nanomaterials - antimicrobial property- medical and skin coating ZnO nanoparticles- wallpapers in hospitals as antimicrobials

19. ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES Unlike other antibiotics, NPs do not alter the resistance of the microorganisms since they are more specific Nanoparticle drug carrier : higher stabilities Particle size and surface characteristics easily manipulated to achieve both active and passive drug targeting after parenteral administration Biodegradable, non-toxic and stored for longer periods Used for controlled delivery of drugs

20. DISADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES High systemic exposure to locally administered drugs Nanotoxicity (lung, kidney, liver, brain, germ cell, etc ) Requires highly sophisticated technology for the formulation Requires skill for manufacturing, storage and administration

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