NANOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. NSpptx

nanotechnology and biotechnology meaning, history, approaches, types and application

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. NANOTECHNOLOGY It is manipulation of matter to dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers Scale- Nanoscale Deal with special properties Field of science- Surface science, organic chemistry, molecular engineering, semiconductor physics, molecular biology, microfabrication

3. HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Concept Ist – Richard Feynman (physicist), 1959 in talk “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” Term “nano- technology” – Norio Taniguchi (1974) Eric Drexler use in his book ‘Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology’(1986) 2 breakthroughs(1980s): Invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Fullerenes Early 2000 - commercial products( Ag Nanoparticle, carbon nanotubes)

4. GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

5. APPROACHES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

6. APPLICATIONS Everyday Materials And Processes Nanoscale additive to surface treatment of fabrics to make stain resistant Nanoscale films on eyeglasses, computer, windows to make them water and residue repellent Smart fabrics - equipped with sensors for health monitoring Nano engineered materials in automotive products Nanoscale titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in sunscreen

7. 2. Electronics and IT Applications Transistors, basic switches that enable all modern computing MRAM enabled by nanometer- quickly save data during a system shutdown Ultra-high definitions displays and television use quantum dots Nanoparticle copper suspension developed a safer, cheaper and more reliable alternative to lead based solder

8. 3. Medical And Healthcare Gold nanoparticle as a probe for detection of nucleic acids Imaging and diagnostic tool Advanced solid-state nanopore materials for gene sequencing Nanoparticle deliver medication directly to cancer cells Nanomedicine researchers are looking way to improve vaccine, vaccine delivery without use of needles.

9. 4. Energy Applications Efficiency of fuel production from raw petroleum In oil and gas extraction Carbon nanotube scrubbers and membranes to separate CO2 from power plant exhaust Nanotechnology in solar panels to convert sunlight to electricity more efficiently Batteries for quick charging

10. 5 . Environmental Remediation Low cost detection and treatment of impurities in water Developed to clean industrial water pollutants in ground water Nano fabric paper towel woven from, tiny wires of Potassium Manganese oxide that absorb 20 times its weight in oil Nanotechnology based air filters in airplane cabin

11. POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE Use of robotics Rebuilding of depleted ozone layer Nano surgical field

12. PITFALLS Nanoparticles can get into body through skin, lungs creating free radicle Cross blood brain barrier Nano Bomb Nanobots to grey goo scenario

13. BIOTECHNOLOGY Integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve application of organisms. Specialist- biotechnologists Term biotechnology- Karoly Ereky (1919) Core principle – harnessing biological systems and organisms such as bacteria, yeasts and plants to perform specific tasks to produce valuable substances. Modifying living organisms for human purposes Modern usage- Genetic engineering, tissue culture

14. “ The application of biological organism, systems or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops and livestock.” ---American Chemical Society

15. History Cultivation of plants Farmers altered genetics of crops Process of fermentation of beer ( Louis Pasteur’s work in 1857) Early 20 th centaury- Understanding of microbiology Development of Antibiotics ( Penicillium in 1928) 1971-Paul Berg experiment in gene splicing

16. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Green biotechnology – used by farmers to fight against pest and nourish crops, strength against microorganisms, droughts Red – health branch responsible for development of vaccines, antibiotics, regenerative therapies and production of artificial organs White – branch work to improve manufacturing process, development of biofuels Yellow – carries research to reduce levels of saturated fats in cooking oil. Functions to genetically improve products

17. Blue – exploit marine resources to obtain aquaculture, cosmetics and health care products. Also used to obtain biofuels from microalgae. Grey – purpose is conservation and restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems Gold – also known as bioinformati cs Brown – comes from green biotechnology with the aim of taking advantage of arid and desert soils to include highly resistant plant species that increases the flora and diversity of environment.

18. Purple – deals with legal study. They are closely related to intellectual property, patent, biosafety Orange – includes dissemination of information of interest to other, carried out both in the field of education and scientific dissemination Black – research work on microorganisms that can be manipulated to attack human health

19. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Environment Phytoremediation- uses genetically engineered microbes to purify soil of heavy metals Bioremediation Plastic eating bacteria GMO Foods Genetic restoration- restore endangered species such as chesnut tree

20. 2. Medicine Stem cell research- help replace or repair dead or defective cells Antibiotics development Gene therapies for diseases such as leukemia mRNA Vaccines, monoclonal antibody treatments and research for Covid -19

21. 3. Industry Fermentation and use of enzymes and microbes to streamline chemical manufacturing Biofuel that use renewable crops such as corn to produce combustible fuel instead of natural non-renewable fossil fuel Biodegradable garments and textiles made from proteins of living organisms such as silk protein of spiders.

22. 4. Agriculture Biologically produced pesticides and herbicides that are less harmful to humans Drought resistant crops Gluten free grains Selective breeding that produces healthier, bigger livestock and crops Nutrient supplementation that infuses food with added nutrients to improve diets and medical treatments

23. FUTURE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Rapid growth of biotechnology carrier Advancement in genetic engineering such as CRISPR Rise in bioinformatics Biotech Entrepreneurship Personalized medicine and diagnostics Emerging field like synthetic biology

24. RISKS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Proliferation of laboratory food could end crop diversity. This also effect balance of ecosystems Allergies, poisoning of living organisms Cloning the modification of human genome and assisted reproduction are matters of ethical debate and social controversy Decrease in labour and small farmers

25. REFERENCES Drexler K E (1992) Nano systems : Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and computation Prasad S K (2008), Modern concepts in Nanotechnology Thieman WJ . etal (2008) Introduction to Biotechnology Nogrady etal (2018) How Indian Biotech is driving Innovation .