Nationalism in India And All About It | Notes , Pdf ! Class 10th ! !

Ch.2 Nationalism in India
Role of first world war in rise of nationalism in india
.The First World War helped in the growth of the
nationalist movement in India
.The war created a new economic and political situation.
.It led to an increase in defense expenditure which was
financed by war loans and increasing taxes (customs
duties were raised and income tax introduced).
.The war led to a price rise and hardship for common
people.
.The war led to the forced recruitment of people.
.Acute shortage of food led to famine and misery.
.This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
Millions of people perished as a result of famines and
epidemics.
.Indians began to realize that they were drawn into the
war unnecessarily. This feeling united Indians against the
British.
The Idea of Satyagraha
.The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth
and the need to search for truth.
.It suggested that if the cause was true if the struggle
was against injustice, then physical force was not
necessary to fight the oppressor.
.Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a
satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
.This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the
oppressor.
.People – including the oppressors – had to be
persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to
accept the truth through the use of violence.
.Gandhian Satyagraha was considered a novel way to
resist injustice because:
.One could win the battle through nonviolence.
.This could be done by appealing to the conscience
of the oppressor.
.People – including the oppressors – had to be
persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to
accept the truth through the use of violence.
.After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully
organized satyagraha movements in various places.
Three local satyagrahas
.In 1917 he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the
peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation
system.
.In 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the
peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by
crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of
Kheda could not pay the revenue and were demanding
that revenue collection be relaxed.
.In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to
organize a satyagraha movement among cotton umill
workers.
The Rowlatt Act(1919)
.It gave the government the power to repress any political
activity or demonstration.
.It allowed the detention of political prisoners without
trial for two years.
.The British government could arrest anyone and search
any place without a warrant.
.The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following
ways:
.A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law
began.
.Rallies were organized in various cities.
.Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
.Shops were closed down in protest.
Jallianwalla Bagh incident:
.On 13 April, the Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.
.On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to
Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in. .. More In Document

1. Ch.2NationalisminIndiaRoleoffirstworldwarinriseofnationalisminindia.TheFirstWorldWarhelpedinthegrowthofthenationalistmovementinIndia.Thewarcreatedaneweconomicandpoliticalsituation..Itledtoanincreaseindefenseexpenditurewhichwasfinancedbywarloansandincreasingtaxes(customsdutieswereraisedandincometaxintroduced)..Thewarledtoapriceriseandhardshipforcommonpeople..Thewarledtotheforcedrecruitmentofpeople..Acuteshortageoffoodledtofamineandmisery..Thiswasaccompaniedbyaninfluenzaepidemic.Millionsofpeopleperishedasaresultoffaminesandepidemics..Indiansbegantorealizethattheyweredrawnintothewarunnecessarily.ThisfeelingunitedIndiansagainsttheBritish.

2. TheIdeaofSatyagraha.Theideaofsatyagrahaemphasizedthepoweroftruthandtheneedtosearchfortruth..Itsuggestedthatifthecausewastrueifthestrugglewasagainstinjustice,thenphysicalforcewasnotnecessarytofighttheoppressor..Withoutseekingvengeanceorbeingaggressive,asatyagrahicouldwinthebattlethroughnonviolence..Thiscouldbedonebyappealingtotheconscienceoftheoppressor..People–includingtheoppressors–hadtobepersuadedtoseethetruth,insteadofbeingforcedtoacceptthetruththroughtheuseofviolence..GandhianSatyagrahawasconsideredanovelwaytoresistinjusticebecause:.Onecouldwinthebattlethroughnonviolence..Thiscouldbedonebyappealingtotheconscienceoftheoppressor..People–includingtheoppressors–hadtobepersuadedtoseethetruth,insteadofbeingforcedtoacceptthetruththroughtheuseofviolence.

3. .AfterarrivinginIndia,MahatmaGandhisuccessfullyorganizedsatyagrahamovementsinvariousplaces.Threelocalsatyagrahas.In1917hetraveledtoChamparaninBihartoinspirethepeasantstostruggleagainsttheoppressiveplantationsystem..In1917,heorganizedasatyagrahatosupportthepeasantsoftheKhedadistrictofGujarat.Affectedbycropfailureandaplagueepidemic,thepeasantsofKhedacouldnotpaytherevenueandweredemandingthatrevenuecollectionberelaxed..In1918,MahatmaGandhiwenttoAhmedabadtoorganizeasatyagrahamovementamongcottonumillworkers.TheRowlattAct(1919).Itgavethegovernmentthepowertorepressanypoliticalactivityordemonstration..Itallowedthedetentionofpoliticalprisonerswithouttrialfortwoyears..TheBritishgovernmentcouldarrestanyoneandsearchanyplacewithoutawarrant..TheRowlattActwasopposedbyIndiansinthefollowing

4. ways:.Anon-violentcivildisobedienceagainsttheunjustlawbegan..Rallieswereorganizedinvariouscities..Workerswentonstrikeinrailwayworkshops..Shopswerecloseddowninprotest.
JallianwallaBaghincident:.On13April,theJallianwallaBaghincidenttookplace..OnthatdayacrowdofvillagerswhohadcometoAmritsartoattendafairgatheredintheenclosedgroundofJallianwallaBagh..Beingfromoutsidethecity,theywereunawareofthemartiallawthathadbeenimposed..Dyerenteredthearea,blockedtheexitpoints,andopenedfireonthecrowd,killinghundreds..Hisobjectiveashedeclaredlater,wasto‘produceamoraleffect’,tocreateinthemindsofsatyagrahisafeelingofterrorandawe.

5. TheKhilafatissue.WiththedefeatofOttomanTurkeyintheFirstWorldWar,therewererumorsthataharshpeacetreatywasgoingtobeimposedontheOttomanemperor(theKhalifa)andthedesignationofKhalifatobeabolished..MuslimsallovertheworldbegantosupportthetemporalpowersoftheKhalifa.InIndia,tooKhilafatCommitteewasformedundertheleadershipofMuhammadAliandShaukatAli..AttheCalcuttasessionoftheCongressinSeptember1920Gandhijiconvincedotherleadersoftheneedtostartanon-cooperationmovementinsupportofKhilafatandSwaraj.
WhyNon-cooperation?.InhisfamousbookHindSwaraj(1909)MahatmaGandhideclaredthatBritishrulewasestablishedinIndiawiththecooperationofIndians,andhadsurvivedonlybecauseofthiscooperation..IfIndiansrefusedtocooperate,BritishruleinIndiawouldcollapsewithinayear,andSwarajwouldcome.

6. Non-cooperationmovement:.AttheCongresssessionatNagpurinDecember1920,acompromisewasworkedoutandtheNon-Cooperationprogramwasadopted..Itshouldbeginwiththesurrenderoftitlesthatthegovernmentawarded,andaboycottofcivilservices,army,police,courtsandlegislativecouncils,schools,andforeigngoods..Non-Cooperation-KhilafatMovementbeganinJanuary1921.AllofthemrespondedtothecallofSwaraj,butthetermmeantdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.TheMovementintheTowns.Themovementstartedwithmiddle-classparticipationinthecities..Thousandsofstudentsleftgovernment-controlledschoolsandcolleges.Headmastersandteachersresigned..Lawyersgaveuptheirlegalpractices..ThecouncilelectionswereboycottedinmostprovincesexceptMadras(Justiceparty)..Foreigngoodswereboycotted,liquorshopspicketed,

7. andforeignclothburnt..Merchantsandtradersrefusedtotradeinforeigngoods..ProductionofIndiantextilemillsandhandloomswentup..TheNon-CooperationMovementinthecitiesgraduallysloweddownbecause:.Khadiclothwasmoreexpensivethanmass-producedmillclothandpoorpeoplecouldnotaffordtobuyit..TheboycottofBritishinstitutionsfailedbecauseIndianinstitutionscouldnotbesetupinplaceoftheBritishones..Studentsandteachersbegangoingbacktogovernmentschools..Thelawyerstoojoinedbackworkingovernmentcourts.RebellionintheCountrysideAwadhPeasants:.PeasantsofAwadhwereledbyBabaRamchandra,asanyasi.Themovementwasagainsttalukdarsandlandlords.Thelandlordsandtalukdarsdemandedexorbitantlyhighrentsandothercesses..Peasantshadtodobeggar(unpaidwork)andworkatlandlords’farmswithoutanypayment.

8. .Tenantshadnosecurityoftenure,beingregularlyevicted..Thepeasantmovementdemandedareductionofrevenue,theabolitionofbeggar,andasocialboycottofoppressivelandlords..Inmanyplaces,nai-dhobibandhswereorganizedbypanchayatstodeprivelandlordsoftheservicesofbarbersandwatermen..OudhKisanSabhawassetupandheadedbyJawaharlalNehru,BabaRamchandra,andafewothers..In1921,thehousesoftalukdarsandmerchantswereattacked,bazaarswerelootedandgrainhoardsweretakenover.TribalPeasants:.ThecausesthatledthetribalstorevoltintheGudemHillsofAndhraPradeshwere:.Thecolonialgovernmenthadclosedlargeforestareaspreventingpeoplefromenteringtheforeststograzetheircattle,ortocollectfuelwoodandfruits.Thisenragedthehillpeople..Notonlyweretheirlivelihoodsaffectedbuttheyfeltthattheirtraditionalrightswerebeingdenied.

9. .Whenthegovernmentbeganforcingthemtocontributebeggar(workwithoutpayment)forroadbuilding,thehillpeoplerevolted.RoleofAlluriSitaramRaju:.AlluriSitaramRajuwasatriballeaderintheGudemhillsofAndhraPradesh..HestartedamilitantguerrillamovementintheGudemHillsofAndhraPradesh..Thetribalpeoplewereagainstcolonialpolicies.Theirlivelihoodwasaffectedandtheirtraditionalrightsweredenied..TheirleaderAlluriSitaramRajuwasinspiredbyGandhiji’sNon-Cooperationmovementandpersuadedpeopletowearkhadiandgiveupdrinking..Heclaimedthathehadavarietyofspecialpowerslikemakingastrologicalpredictions,healingpeople,andsurvivingbulletshots..Hepersuadedpeopletowearkhadiandgiveupdrinking..Butatthesametime,heassertedthatIndiacouldbeliberatedonlybytheuseofforce,notnon-violence.

10. SwarajinthePlantations:.MeaningofSwarajforPlantationWorkers:.ForplantationworkersinAssam,Swarajmeanttherighttomovefreelyinandoutoftheconfinedspaceinwhichtheywereenclosed,anditmeantretainingalinkwiththevillagefromwhichtheyhadcome...UndertheInlandEmigrationActof1859,plantationworkerswerenotpermittedtoleavetheteagardenswithoutpermission,andinfact,theywererarelygivensuchpermission..WhentheyheardoftheNon-Cooperationmovement,thousandsofworkersdefiedtheauthorities,lefttheplantations,andheadedhome..TheybelievedthatGandhiRajwascoming,andeveryonewouldbegivenlandintheirownvillages..They,however,neverreachedtheirdestination.Strandedonthewaybyarailwayandsteamerstrike,theywerecaughtbythepoliceandbrutallybeatenup.Callingoffthemovement.AtChauriChaurainGorakhpur,apeacefuldemonstrationinabazaarturnedintoaviolentclashwiththepolice.Hearingoftheincident,MahatmaGandhi

11. calledofftheNon-CooperationMovement..GandhijidecidedtowithdrawtheNon-CooperationMovementinFebruary1922because:.Themovementwasturningviolentinmanyplaces..Hefeltthatthesatyagrahisneededtobeproperlytrainedbeforetheywouldbereadyformassstruggles..TwofactorsagainshapedIndianpoliticsinthelate1920s..Thefirstwastheeffectoftheworldwideeconomicdepression.Agriculturalpricesbegantofallfrom1926andcollapsedafter1930.Asthedemandforagriculturalgoodsfellandexportsdeclined,peasantsfounditdifficulttoselltheirharvestsandpaytheirrevenue.By1930,thecountrysidewasinturmoil..SimonCommission:Setupinresponsetothenationalistmovement,thecommissionwastolookintothefunctioningoftheconstitutionalsysteminIndiaandsuggestchanges.TheproblemwasthatthecommissiondidnothaveasingleIndianmember.TheywereallBritish.ItwasoppsoedeverywhereinIndia..LalaLajpatRaiwasassaultedbytheBritishpoliceduringapeacefuldemonstrationagainsttheSimonCommission

12. causedhimdeath.DemandofPurnaSawraj.Inanefforttowinthemover,theviceroy,LordIrwin,announcedinOctober1929,avagueofferof‘dominionstatus’forIndiainanunspecifiedfuture,andaRoundTableConferencetodiscussafutureconstitution..InDecember1929,underthepresidencyofJawaharlalNehru,theLahoreCongressformalizedthedemandfor‘PurnaSwaraj’orfullindependenceforIndia.Itwasdeclaredthat26January1930,wouldbecelebratedasIndependenceDaywhenpeopleweretotakeapledgetostruggleforcompleteindependence.TheSaltMarchandtheCivilDisobedienceMovementOn31January1930,GandhijisentalettertoViceroyIrwinstating11demands,themoststirringofwhichwasthedemandtoabolishthesalttax.Saltwasoneofthemostessentialitemsoffood.Taxonsaltandthegovernmentmonopolyoveritsproduction,Gandhideclared,revealedthemostoppressivefaceofBritishrule..Irwinwasunwillingtonegotiateandso,Mahatma

13. Gandhistartedhisfamous240mileslongSaltMarchaccompaniedby78ofhistrustedvolunteers..Themarchwasover240miles,fromGandhiji’sashraminSabarmatitotheGujaraticoastaltownofDandi..On6AprilhereachedDandi,andviolatedthelaw,manufacturingsaltbyboilingseawater.
FeaturesoftheCivilDisobedienceMovement:.ThemovementstartedwithSaltMarch..Thousandsbrokesaltlaw..Foreignclotheswereboycotted..Liquorshopswerepicketed.Peasantsrefusedtopaytaxes..PeoplewerenowaskednotonlytorefusecooperationwiththeBritishbutalsotobreakcoloniallaws.
TheGandhi–IrwinPact.ItwasapoliticalagreementsignedbyMahatmaGandhiandthethenViceroyofIndia,LordIrwinon5March1931beforetheSecondRoundTableConferenceinLondon..Thefollowingweretheproposedconditions:.Stoppingofthecivildisobediencemovementbythe

14. IndianNationalCongress..ParticipationofIndianNationalCongressintheSecondRoundTableConference..WithdrawalofalllawsissuedbytheBritishGovernmentforcingchecksontheexercisesoftheIndianNationalCongress..AreleaseofprisonersarrestedduringCivilDisobedienceMovement..Permitthefreecollectionormanufactureofsaltbypersonsneartheseacoast.GandhijirelaunchedtheCivilDisobedienceMovementaftertheSecondRoundTableConferencebecause:.WhenMahatmaGandhijiwenttotheRoundTableConferenceinDecember1931,hereturneddisappointedasthenegotiationswerebrokendown..BackinIndia,hediscoveredthatthegovernmenthadbegunanewcycleofrepression..GhaffarKhanandJawaharlalNehruwerebothinjail.TheCongresshadbeendeclaredillegal..Aseriesofmeasureshadbeenimposedtoprevent

15. meetings,demonstrations,andboycotts.
.Participationofvarioussocialclassesandgroups..Richpeasants:RichpeasantcommunitieslikethePatidarsofGujarat&theJatsofUttarPradeshjoinedthemovementbecausebeingproducersofcommercialcropstheywerehardhitbythetradedepressionandfallingprices.Therefusalofthegovernmenttoreducetherevenuedemandmadethemfightagainsthighrevenues..Poorpeasants:Joinedthemovementbecausetheyfounditdifficulttopayrent.Theywantedtheunpaidrenttothelandlordtoberemitted..Businessclass:Theyreactedagainstcolonialpoliciesthatrestrictedactivitiesbecausetheywerekeenonexpandingtheirbusinessandforthis,theywantedprotectionagainstimportsofforeigngoods.TheythoughtthatSwarajwouldcancelcolonialrestrictionsandthattradewouldflourishwithoutrestrictions.Theyalsowantedprotectionagainsttherupee-sterlingforeignexchangeratio.TheyformedtheIndianIndustrialandCommercialCongressin1920andtheFederationoftheIndianChamberofCommerceandIndustries(FICCI)in

16. 1927..Industrialworkingclass:TheydidnotparticipateinlargenumbersexceptintheNagpurregion.Someworkersdidparticipate,selectivelyadoptingsomeoftheGandhianprograms,likeboycottsofforeigngoods,asapartoftheirownmovementsagainstlowwagesandpoorworkingconditions..Women:Therewaslarge-scaleparticipationofwomeninthemovement.Theyparticipatedinprotestmarches,manufacturedsalt,andpicketedforeignclothandliquorshops.Manywenttojail..MerchantsandIndustrialists:Indianmerchantsandindustrialistswerekeenonexpandingtheirbusinessesandreactedagainstcolonialpoliciesthatrestrictedbusinessactivities..Theywantedprotectionagainstimportsofforeigngoods,andarupee-sterlingforeignexchangeratiothatwoulddiscourageimports..Toorganizebusinessinterests,theyformedtheIndianIndustrialandCommercialCongressin1920andtheFederationoftheIndianChamberofCommerceandIndustries(FICCI)in1927..LedbyprominentindustrialistslikePurshottamdas

17. ThakurdasandG.D.Birla,theindustrialistsattackedcolonialcontrolovertheIndianeconomyandsupportedtheCivilDisobedienceMovement..Theygavefinancialassistanceandrefusedtobuyorsellimportedgoods..Mostbusinessmenwantedtoflourishintradewithoutconstraints.
ThelimitationsoftheCivilDisobedienceMovementwere:.Half-heartedparticipationofuntouchables.CongresshadignoredtheDalitsforfearofoffendingtheSanatanis,theconservativehigh-casteHindus..AfterthedeclineoftheNon-Cooperation-Khilafatmovement,alargesectionofMuslimsfeltalienatedfromCongress..AsrelationsbetweenHindusandMuslimsworsened,eachcommunityorganizedreligiousprocessionswithmilitantfervor.ThisprovokedHindu-Muslimcommunalclashesandriotsinvariouscities..TheCongresswasseentobevisiblyassociatedwithHindunationalistgroupsliketheHinduMahasabha.

18. .RelationsbetweenHindusandMuslimsworsenedandcommunalriotstookplace.TheMuslimLeaguegainedprominencewithitsclaimofrepresentingMuslimsanddemandingaseparateelectorateforthem.
MahatmaGandhiandUntouchables.MahatmaGandhiwasagainstuntouchability.HedeclaredthatSwarajwouldnotcomeforahundredyearsifuntouchabilitywasnoteliminated.Hecalledthe‘Untouchables’harijanorthechildrenofGod..Heorganizedsatyagrahatosecuretheirentryintotemples,andaccesstothepublicwells,tanks,roads,andschools..Hehimselfcleanedtoiletstodignifytheworkofthesweepers..Hepersuadedtheuppercastetochangetheirheartandgiveup‘thesinofuntouchability’.
PoonaPactofSeptember1932:.ThePoonaPactofSeptember1932gavetheDepressedClasses(ScheduleCastes)reservedseatsinprovincialandcentrallegislativecouncils,buttheyweretobevotedinbythegeneralelectorate.

19. TheSenseofCollectiveBelonging.TheidentityofthenationismostoftensymbolizedbytheimageofBharatMata..BankimChandraChattopadhyaywrote‘VandeMataram’asahymntothemotherland..MovedbytheSwadeshimovement,AbanindranathTagorepaintedBharatMataandportrayeditasanasceticfigure.Sheisshownascalm,composed,divine,andspiritual..IdeasofnationalismalsodevelopedthroughamovementtoreviveIndianfolklore..Iconsandsymbolsinunifyingpeopleandinspireinthemafeelingofnationalism..DuringtheSwadeshimovementinBengal,atricolorflag(red,green,andyellow)wasdesigned....ReinterpretationofhistorycreatedasenseofcollectivebelongingnessamongthedifferentcommunitiesofIndia:.TheBritishsawIndiansasbackwardandprimitive,incapableofgoverningthemselves..BytheendofthenineteenthcenturymanyIndiansbeganfeelingthattoinstillasenseofprideinthenation,Indian

20. historyhadtobethoughtaboutdifferently..IndiansbeganlookingintothepasttodiscoverIndia’sgreatachievements.Theywroteaboutthegloriousdevelopmentsinancienttimeswhenartandarchitecture,scienceandmathematics,religionandculture,lawandphilosophy,andcraftsandtradeflourished..ThesenationalisthistoriesurgedthereaderstotakeprideinIndia’sgreatachievementsinthepastandstruggletochangethemiserableconditionsoflifeunderBritishrule.