Natural Justice & Remedies- Origin, development and contents

Introduction to the concept of natural justice

1. NEO NATURALISM COMPARATIVE LAW APPLICATION

2. Principle of Natural Justice as Parameter of Fairness Principles of natural justice are vulnerable to bring vagueness but still highly relevant in all ages and jurisdictions Ancient Greeco -Roman Jural Philosophy- Jus gentium Jus civile Jus Naturalae Common Law Realism: R vs Rand 1876 Ridge vs Baldwin 1964 AER Lord Justice Reid’s statement Significance

3. Exclusion during Emergency Necessity to keep the matter secret Purely Administrative matter Administrative impracticability Exclusion in case of Interim or Internal disciplinary matters Situations where Natural Justice is permissible to be excluded:

4. Legislative Action Where no right is infringed but the damage caused without any permanent stigma Contractual arrangement Policy decision Useless formality dictum Forty Second Constitutional Amendment,1976 Continued…

5. Personal Bias (Real likelihood of bias and merely suspicion of bias) Pecuniary Bias Subjective Bias Institutional or Departmental Bias Policy Bias Classification of Bias

6. Service matters Actions against Professionals Preventive detention Cases Matters relating to Educational services Tax and Revenue matters When is oral hearing required?

7. Duty to act Judicially Aspects- Right to Notice Right to know the evidence forming part of punitive action Right to present case( Representation by the Lawyer of Choice) and an opportunity for recording the evidences Right to rebut the adverse evidence( opportunity to protest- Right to Cross Examine) No Evidence at the back of other party ( Direct public hearing) AUDI ALTERAM PARTEM ( RULE FOR FAIR HEARING)

8. Report of the enquiry to be shown to the other party Availability of preliminary report Kinds of Documents that may be made available Reasoned Decision or Speaking Order Circumstances when communication of Reasons forming the base of Order becomes must Institutional Hearing or the one who decides must hear Rule against Dictation Financial incapacity to attend the Hearing Aspects duty to act Judicially

9. Forty Second Constitutional Amendment,1976 Article 309-311   POST DECISIONAL HEARING

10. Action :Void / Valid / Voidable Case Law: Swadeshi Cotton Mills vs UOI air 1981 Sangram Singh vs Election Tribunal, Kitah AIR 1955 Dhakeswari Cotton Mills vs CIT , WB AIR 1955 KL Tripathi vs State Bank of India AIR 1984 Effects of Non Compliance with Principles of Natural Justice

11. Chairman, Board mining Examination vs Ramji AIR 1977 West Bengal vs Shuvnanadan Pathak AIR 1998 K. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy vs Andhra Pradesh AIR 1996 Case Law

12. Ashok kumar Yadav vs Haryana AIR 1987 Uttar Pradesh vs Mohd . Nooh AIR 1958 Mineral development Ltd. Vs Bihar AIR 1960 APSRTC CORP vs Satyanarayan Tpt Pvt Ltd, Guntur AIR 1965 P.M Kurien vs P.S. Raghavan AIR 1970 Ashok kr Yadav vs Haryana AIR 1987 Election Commission of India vs Subramanyam Swamy AIR 1996 T.N Sheshan vs UOI AIR 1995 G. Nageswara Rao vs A.P. State Road Tpt Corp AIR 1959 Case Law

13. Labh Singh vs UOI AIR 1975 Manak Lal vs Prem Chand Singhvi AIR 1957 Ashwani Kumar vs Bihar AIR 1996 Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corp AIR 1986 D.K. Yadav vs JMA Industries Ltd. AIR 1993 S. Subbarao vs P. Veera raghavayya AIR 1976 Jammu Kashmir vs Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad AIR 1967 Uttar Pradesh vs Om Prakash Gupta AIR 1970 Charan Lal Shahu vs UOI AIR 1990 Case Law

14. Nature of the jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Courts u/a 32,129,136 and 226-227 respectively. Prerogative Writs : Appropriate orders, directions and instructions in the nature of ……… Certiorari Prohibition Mandamus Quo- Warranto Habeas Corpus   Mode of Judicial Review PUBLIC LAW REMEDY

15. Against whom Writ can be issued? Liberalization of Locus standi Standing for Public interest Laches or Unreasonable Delays( vexatious Petitions) Alternative Remedy Res Judicata No dismissal without Speaking order High court must be approached first Power to grant remedial assistance is implicit Greater good of greater number aspect Compulsions of administrative expediency, convenience, policy considerations- Not entertained. Curative petitions and SLP Factors affecting Fundamental remedy ( Writs)

16. Ujjam Bai vs State of U.P AIR 1962 A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras AIR 1950 Sunil Batra II vs Delhi Administration AIR 1980 Maneka Gandhi vs UOI,AIR 1978 M.H.Hoscot vs Maharastra AIR 1978 ADM Jabalpur vs Shivakant Shukla AIR 1976 Selective Writ Case Law

17. A revolutionary shift in nature: From Prerogative Writs to Social Action Litigation Suo moto Action (Epistolary Jurisdiction) Petitions by social action groups Petitions against State passivism, lawlessness and tyranny and Independence OF Judiciary---- ( Judicial Activism vs Judicial Overreach ) Judicial directions relating to environmental jurisprudence PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION

18. Judicial process becomes participatory Public character of PIL A Revolutionary shift in State liability [From strict to absolute liability approach] Merits of PIL

19. Implementation Propriety ( merits) Policy Issues Advanced Jural Speculations Demerits of acting through PIL

20. Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs UOI,AIR 1984 M.C.Mehta vs UOI, AIR 1987 S.P.Gupta vs UOI,AIR 1981 Peoples Union for Democratic rights vs UOI,AIR 1982 National Council for Civil Liberties vs UOI,AIR 2007 Sheela Barse ( II) vs UOI,AIR 1986 Indian Council for Enviro - Legal Action vs Union of India AIR 1996 Vishakha vs State of Rajasthan AIR 1997 BALCO Employees Union vs UOI,AIR 2002 Peoples Union for Democratic Rights vs UOI ,AIR 1982 SELECTIVE POPULAR PIL CASE

21.   D.S. Nakara vs UOI,AIR 1983 Municipal Council,Ratlam vs Vardi Chand AIR 1980 Banwasi Sewa aashram vs State of UP AIR 1993 Vellore citizens welfare Forum vs UOI,AIR 1996 SELECTIVE POPULAR PIL CASE

22. INJUNCTIONS Meaning Kinds of Injunction Conditions when Injunction will OR will not be granted PRIVATE LAW REMEDIES

23.   DECLARATIONS Meaning and Definition Conditions for the grant of declaratory relief SUIT FOR DAMAGES Tortious , vicarious ,strict and absolute liability Kinds of damages Procedural requirements Forum to declare award of damages PRIVATE LAW REMEDIES