Natural Language Processing (NLP)

The best known natural language processing tool is GPT-3, from OpenAI, which uses AI and statistics to predict the next word in a sentence based on the preceding words. NLP practitioners call tools like this “language models,” and they can be used for simple analytics tasks, such as classifying documents and analyzing the sentiment in blocks of text, as well as more advanced tasks, such as answering questions and summarizing reports. Language models are already reshaping traditional text analytics, but GPT-3 was an especially pivotal language model because, at 10x larger than any previous model upon release, it was the first large language model, which enabled it to perform even more advanced tasks like programming and solving high school–level math problems. The latest version, called InstructGPT, has been fine-tuned by humans to generate responses that are much better aligned with human values and user intentions, and Google’s latest model shows further impressive breakthroughs on language and reasoning.

For businesses, the three areas where GPT-3 has appeared most promising are writing, coding, and discipline-specific reasoning. OpenAI, the Microsoft-funded creator of GPT-3, has developed a GPT-3-based language model intended to act as an assistant for programmers by generating code from natural language input. This tool, Codex, is already powering products like Copilot for Microsoft’s subsidiary GitHub and is capable of creating a basic video game simply by typing instructions. This transformative capability was already expected to change the nature of how programmers do their jobs, but models continue to improve — the latest from Google’s DeepMind AI lab, for example, demonstrates the critical thinking and logic skills necessary to outperform most humans in programming competitions.

Models like GPT-3 are considered to be foundation models — an emerging AI research area — which also work for other types of data such as images and video. Foundation models can even be trained on multiple forms of data at the same time, like OpenAI’s DALL·E 2, which is trained on language and images to generate high-resolution renderings of imaginary scenes or objects simply from text prompts. Due to their potential to transform the nature of cognitive work, economists expect that foundation models may affect every part of the economy and could lead to increases in economic growth similar to the industrial revolution.

1. Natural Language Processing(NLP)

2. What is NLP ? Input and Output of NLP NLP Tools Components of NLP Broad Classification of NLP Natural Language Understanding (NLU) Natural Language Generation (NLG) Difficulties in NLU Steps of NLP Context Free Grammar Top-Down Parser Benefits of NLP Why NLP matters ? How NLP works ? Challenges of NLP NLP Pipeline Real World Applications of NLP Recent Developments in NLP Conclusion References Outlines

3. Ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken and written . Gives computers the ability to interpret, manipulate, and comprehend human language . Example : Language translation, Search results, Predictive text. What is NLP?

4. The input and output of an NLP system can be Speech Written Text Input and Output of NLP

5. NLP Tools : MonkeyLearn : platform for text analysis, allowing users to get actionable data from text. provides instant data visualizations and detailed insights for when customers want to run analysis on their data. Customers can choose from a selection of ready-machine machine learning models or build and train their own. OpenAI: used for NLP tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, language translation, text generation, and question answering.

6. NATURAL LANGUAGE COMPONENTS Speaker Generator Component and Level of Representation application or speaker Textual Organization Realization Content Selection Linguistic Resource Components of NLP

7. NATURAL LANGUAGE Processing Natural Language Understanding (Linguistics) Natural Language Text Phonology Morphology Pragmatics Syntax Semantics Natural Language Generation Broad Classification of NLP

8. Natural Language Understanding (NLU) deals with the ability of computers to understand human language Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. Analyzing different aspects of the language.

9. Natural Language Generation (NLG) In many of the most interesting problems in natural language processing, language is the output. Natural language generation focuses on three main scenarios: It involves – Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge base. Sentence planning − It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful phrases, setting tone of the sentence. Text Realization − It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure .

10. Difficulties in NLU The NLU is harder than NLG. NL has an extremely rich form and structure. Lexical ambiguity   − It is at very primitive level such as word-level. For example: treating the word “board” as noun or verb? Syntax Level ambiguity   − A sentence can be parsed in different ways. For example: “He lifted the beetle with red cap.” − Did he use cap to lift the beetle or he lifted a beetle that had red cap? Referential ambiguity   − Referring to something using pronouns. For example, Rima went to Gauri. She said, “I am tired.” − Exactly who is tired? One input can mean different meanings. Many inputs can mean the same thing.

11. Steps of NLP Lexical Analysis − identifying and analyzing the structure of words. dividing the whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences, and words. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) − analysis of words in the sentence for grammar arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among the words. The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected by English syntactic analyzer. CFG and Parsing. Semantic Analysis − The text is checked for meaningfulness. The semantic analyzer disregards sentence such as “hot ice-cream”. Discourse Integration − The meaning of any sentence depends upon the meaning of the sentence just before it. In addition, it also brings about the meaning of immediately succeeding sentence. Pragmatic Analysis − what was said is re-interpreted on what it actually meant.

12. Context-Free Grammar The rewrite rules or grammer for the sentence are as follows − S → NP VP NP → DET N | DET ADJ N VP → V NP Lexocon − DET → a | the ADJ → beautiful | perching N → bird | birds | grain | grains V → peck | pecks | pecking The parse tree can be created as shown − It is the grammar that consists rules with a single symbol on the left-hand side of the rewrite rules. Let us create grammar to parse a sentence − “The bird pecks the grains” The parse tree breaks down the sentence into structured parts so that the computer can easily understand and process it. 

13. Top-Down Parser the parser starts with the S symbol attempts to rewrite it into a sequence of  terminal symbols  that matches the classes of the words in the input sentence until it consists entirely of terminal symbols checked with the input sentence to see if it matched   If not , the process is started over again with a different set of rules.  repeated until a specific rule is found which describes the structure of the sentence.

14. Benefits of natural language processing By enabling computers to understand human language, interacting with computers becomes much more intuitive for humans. improved accuracy and efficiency of documentation; ability to automatically make a readable summary of a larger, more complex original text; useful for personal assistants such as Alexa, by enabling it to understand spoken word; enables an organization to use chatbots for customer support; easier to perform sentiment analysis; and provides advanced insights from analytics that were previously unreachable due to data volume.

15. Why NLP matters?

16. How NLP works?

17. Challenges of NLP

18. Challenges of NLP

19. NLP Pipeline

20. Real World Application

21. Recent Developments in NLP

22. Conclusion In conclusion, Natural Language Processing is revolutionizing the way we interact with technology. Its applications are diverse and its potential is vast. As we move forward, it's crucial to embrace and understand the power of NLP in shaping the future of human-computer interaction. Thank you for your attention! I'm happy to answer any questions you may have.

23. References: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11042-022-13428-4 https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKnIA16_RmvZo7fp5kkIth6nRTeQQsjfX&si=IgmSr1Imq37609W1

24. Thank You!