Natural polymer :origin and applications

Recent applications of natural polymer in pharmaceutical industries.

1. NATURAL POLYMER : ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS PRESENTED BY- MISS.VRUSHALI BENDALE. GUIDED BY-MRS.VIJAYA BHOGALE. DR.L.H.HIRANANDANI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,ULHASNAGAR 1

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION NEW NATURAL POLYMER AND MODELING ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER DISADVATAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER APPLICATIONS MARKETED PRODUCTS CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 2

3. INTRODUCTION From the G reek word “ POLYMERS ” “Poly” “ Meros ” means Many mean Parts Many parts= POLYMER Natural polymer synthetic polymer Polymers that occurs in nature produced from living organisms The polymers are defined as macromolecules composed of one or more chemical units (monomers ). 3

4. WHAT IS NATURAL POLYMER ? A natural polymer is a polymer that is found in nature and is not man made all natural or organic polymers come from living organisms. GUAR GUM POWDER Why great attention for natural polymer ? Biodegradable, Biocompatible Non-toxic 4

5. CLASSIFICATION NATURAL POLYMER PLANTS POLYSACCHARIDES E.G.CELLULOSE, STARCH ANIMALS PROTEINS E.G.GELATINE,ALBUMIN POLYSACCHARIDES E.G.CHITIN,CHITOSAN MICROBES POLYESTER E.G.POLY-HYDROXY ALKONATE POLYSACCHARIDES E.G.HYALURONATE, 5

6. NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL Polysaccharides from plant origin CELLULOSE Major sources of cellulose are plant fibers like cotton (genus- Gossypium , Family- Malvaceae ) Linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4) linked D glucose units having the formula (C6H10O5)n . cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin. MCC-Diluent/binder in tablet Cellulose acetate Fibers-wound dressing. Carboxylated MCC-Film coating agent. Structure of cellulose 6

7. AGAR Dired Gelatinous substance. Gelidium amansii ( Gelidaceae ) Mixture -agarose and agaropectin . Suspending agent, emulsifying agent, gelling agent in suppositories, surgical lubricant, tablet disintegrants , medium for bacterial culture, laxative . jellies, confectionary items , Agar agar seaweed STARCH maize ( Zea mays),rice ( Oryza sativa), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Graminae ) , and potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) ( Solanaceae ) Carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. Mixture-amylose and amylopectin Use- Packaging,container,films,textile sizing. 7

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9. Polysaccharides from animal origin CHITIN Source - mollusks, annelids, arthropods. constituent of the mycelia and spores of many fungi. Application - Nanoparticles & microparticles [controlled drug delivery] M ucosal , nasal, peroral drug delivery. Structure of chitin Structure of Chitosan 9

10. XANTHAN GUM Source - Product of gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas Campestris Composition -Cellulose derivative contains a cellulose backbone ( -D-glucose residues) and a trisaccharide side chain of -D-mannose- D gluronic acid – -D-mannose attached with the main chain of alternate glucose residues. Application - O ral and topical formulations, cosmetics , f ood industry as a suspending and stabilizing agent. Sustained release matrix tablet . Structure of xanthan Gum 10

11. ALGINATE Source -Alginate is a water-soluble linear polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed. ( Phaeophyceae include Laminaria hyperborea ) Composition -1–4 linked -L- glucuronic and –D mannuronic . Sodium Alginate powder Structure of alginates Applications: 11

12. PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM MUCILAGE SEED) Source - Plantago ovata ( Plantaginaceae ) Applications - Tablet binder Psyllium husk hydroxypropyl methylcellulose prepare a novel sustained release, swellable and bioadhesive gastro retentive drug delivery systems for ofloxacin . 12

13. Proteins from Animal Sources COLLAGEN Source - P rimary protein component of animal connective tissues. pig skin, bovine hide, and pork and cattle bones . Composition - 27 types of collagen exist & is composed of different polypeptide , (glycine , proline, hydroxyproline and lysine) Applications - Collagen films-ophthalmology DDS for slow release of drug. Tissue engineering-skin replacement, bone substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and valves. Structure of collagen 13

14. GELATIN Properties and composition T ranslucent , colorless A high molecular weight polypeptide It consist of 19 amino acid. Water soluble Proteins from animal source -Elastin, albumin and fibrin. Applications Tablet coating Suppositories Gelatin emulsions Microencapsulation Gelatin as nanoparticle & microparticles Soft gelatin capsules Hard gelatin capsules 14

15. Proteins from vegetal sources WHEAT GLUTEN Source -Product of the starch fabrication. Composition - main groups : proteins , gliadin and glutenin . A dvantages - Fastest degradation rates. Biodegradable, non-toxic Available in high quality & low cost Application -film forming agent SOY PROTEIN Source & composition - Soy protein isolate -form of soy protein +90% proteins. Applications - Health benefits Helps in heart problems. 15

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17. CUTIN It is a complex combination of nonpolar lipids which form part of the waxy layer that envelops the plant on the outermost layer, protecting it against water loss to the environment. outermost layer is referred to as cuticle ; it is the structure thought to be a major enabler of plant evolution from water to dry land due to the enhanced water retention capacity it provides. discovery of natural polyester from plant cuticle came later than that of polysaccharides and proteins . SUBERIN – similar role as cutin of protecting the root tissue against water loss. It is commonly used industrially as the main constituent of cork . Polyhydroxyalkanostes - Found in bacteria, synthesized in plant,particularly in leaves. Cutin Pathway 17

18. Polyesters used in pharmaceutical blister packaging Polyester used in medicated cotton coil Cleanroom Polyester Swab 18

19. List of some polysaccharides from various sources SOURCE POLYMER Cell walls of plant Pectin Seeds and Roots Galactomannans Seaweeds Carrageenan, Alginates, agar Animal cell walls Hyaluronan Shells of aquatic animals Chitin Skins and bones of animal and scales of fish Gelatin Bacteria Xanthan , Hyaluronan , gellan 19

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21. New natural polymer and modeling Computer based techniques –Used to design and predict the properties of polymers The potential of emerging computer based methods to predict conformation, interactions and properties of natural polymers, their chemical derivatives and blends is immense . Computer modeling may well become the "screening method" of choice to identify new polymers without having to go through the long and tedious process of synthesizing or "growing" every possibility. 21

22. Advantages And Disadvantages 22

23. Applications: 23

24. Application of natural polymers in nanodrug delivery Polysaccharides STARCH use of starch in pharmaceutics is extensive. Use as co-polymer and excipient in controlled drug delivery. magnetised iron-oxide nano -particles coated with starch were used – targeting brain tumor. 24

25. Chitosan 25

26. Applications of Natural polymer in drug delivery GUMS BIOLOGICAL SOURCE APPLICATIONS Xanthan Xanthomonas campestris Pellets,controlled drug delivery Tamarind Tamarindus indica Hydrogels, ocular mucoadhesive drug delivery Sodium alginate Macrocytis pyrifera Bioadhesive microspheres, nanoparticles Pectin Citrus aurantium Beads, floating beads, colon drug delivery, pelletization Okra Genus-Hibiscus Species- Abelmoschus esculentus Hydrophilic matrix for controlled release Locust bean Ceratania siliqua Controlled release agent Karaya Sterculia urens Mucoadhesive 26

27. Bhara gum Terminalia bellerica . Microincapsulation Gum ghatti Anogeissus latifolia Binder, emulsifier, suspending agent. Albizia Albizia zygia Tablet binder. Gellan Pseudomonas elodea Ophthalmic drug delivery, sustaining release agent, beads, Hydrogel. Ispagol Plantago psyllium,Plantago ovata Colon drug delivery, gastro retentive. CONTINUE… 27

28. Application of natural polymer in natural excipient XANTHAN GUM free flowing powder soluble in both hot and cold water to give viscous solutions at low concentrations. T hickener and stabilizer-creams, eye gels. In emulsions and suspesions for pharmaceutical use xanthan gum prevents the separation of insoluble ingedients , e.g., Barium sulphate in X-ray contrast media. 28

29. CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES Biodegradable, biocompatible and less toxic. used as a mucoadhesive , oral absorption enhancer and in protein and gene delivery . Chitosan, typically isolated from the shell of shrimp, has the ability to react with DNA and compact it to produce a nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles are more readily taken up by cells. PECTIN soluble in pure water binding agent in tablets. Used to prepare beads by ionotropic gelation technique, sustained release drug delivery using calcium pectinate gel bead . Pectin hydrogels can be used in controlled release matrix tablet formulations. Using a extruder/ spheronizer , spherical pellets containing calcium pectate were prepared . These were then coated in pectin solution resulting in the formation of insoluble calcium pectinate gel around the pellets.. Structure and powder of pectin 29

30. CARRAGEENAN Chondrus crispus G elling agent A good substitute for gelatin (animal-based product) in hard and soft gel capsules. T hickening agent in hand lotions and shampoos Carrageenan has unique properties like viscosity, continuous phase gel formation and specific interactions with the abrasive . Combination of these properties helps in stabilizing the toothpaste preparations . CELLULOSE ETHERS Pure cellulose as such is insoluble in hot or cold water C ellulose is converted to cellulose esters or cellulose ethers derivatives which are water soluble M odified cellulose derivatives enhance water retention capacity, pseudoplastic behavior ,film forming properties and complexation . 30

31. Application of natural polymers blending in packaging industries Food packaging- NON-EDIBLE EDIBLE Starch+PE Polysaccharides Proteins Lipid Polysaccharides Chitin/Chitosan Collagen/gelatin Soya proteins Bees wax Polylactic acid(PLC) Starch Wheat gluten whey Carnauba wax Polyvinyl alcohol Pectin Corn Zein Free fatty acid Pharmaceutical Industries- To protect the product for distribution, storage and until the process involved in finishing of material products. Quality and effectiveness. Maintaining the quality of products. 31

32. Marketed products of natural polymer- SR.NO. DRUG CATEGORY METHOD POLYMER 1. Venlafexine Anti- depressent Wet Granulation Bees wax, Carnanuba wax 2. Ibuprofen Anti-inflammatory Wet Granulation EC 3. Miconazole Anti-fungal Direct compression/wet granulation Pectin, HPMC 4. Verapmil Ca+2channel blocker Direct compression HPMC 5. Diethyl carbamazepine citrate Anti-filarial Wet granulation Guar Gum, HPMC 6. Amlodipine Anti- arrythmatic Direct compression HPMC,EC 32

33. Conclusion Polymers play a vital role in the drug delivery system. So, the selection of polymer plays an important role in the manufacturing of drugs. Natural biodegradable polymers have received much more attention in the last decades due to their applications in the fields related to environmental protection and the maintenance of physical health . Natural polymers can be good substitute for the synthetic polymers and many of the side effects of the synthetic polymers can be overcome by using natural polymers. Future scope The polymers have great future, because of its increased demand and usage. Researches are being carried out to use polymers more effectively. 33

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36. THANK YOU 36