Naturalism ppt

##naturalism##

1. Naturalism Dr. Sunita Arora Principal Institute of Teacher’s Education

2. Introduction It is a type of philosophy according to which nature is the ultimate reality. Nature is everything, there is nothing beyond it. It believes that nature contains all the answer to all philosophical problems. There is nothing beyond nature, behind nature and other than nature. Nature is also termed as materialism It doesn't believe in sentimentalism, spiritualism, and supernatural powers.

3. Followers of naturalism Father of naturalism : JJ Rousseau Others Followers– Aristotle, Comte, Tagore, Bacon, Darwin, Huxley, Spencer. Definiation According to Thomas and Lang: “Naturalism is opposed to idealism, subordinates mind to matter and holds that ultimate reality is material world, not spiritual world.”

4. Naturalism in Philosophy

5. Metaphysics It deals with reality: According to Naturalism, nature alone is ultimate reality. Everything comes out of nature and becomes one with it. There is nothing beyond nature, behind nature and other than nature. Its slogan are ‘Return to Nature’ and ‘break the chains of society’. Naturalists consider material world as the real world. Laws of nature are unchangeable and entire universe is governed by them. They do not believe in God, Soul and Divine spirit.

6. Epistemology Naturalism believes that we gain knowledge through senses as senses are gateway of knowledge. All the truth can be known through senses. Naturalism believes in the direct knowledge of nature. It oppose bookish knowledge. Naturalist do not believe in spiritual knowledge

7. Axiology It deals with values. According to naturalism there are no absolute,external and ultimate values. All values resides in nature It do not believe in spiritual values. To feel the values of nature one has to live in harmony with nature. Slogan of naturalism is ‘To follow nature’.

8. Characteristics of Naturalism

9. Principles of naturalism Child centered education : Naturalism gives central position to the child in the educational process. The child is in the forefront and all other things such as teacher, curriculum, books are in the background. Freedom of the child : We should provide full freedom for the natural and complete development of the child. He must learn from his own mistakes. It gives emphasis on the training of senses as senses are the gateway of knowledge

10. Principles Instincts as basis for education: Naturalist believe that it is through education that child’s animal behavior should be transformed into human behavior. Child’s Happiness: Priority should be given to child’s happiness in the whole education process. Negative education: The negative education “consists not in teaching the principles of virtue but in guiding the heart against vice and mind against error” It is against bookish knowledge and verbalism.

11. Naturalism and Aims of Education Self Expression : According to naturalistic school of Philosophy the main aim of education is Self expression Attainment of present and future happiness : According to Herbert Spencer education aims at achieving the present and future happiness of child. Struggle for existence : Darwin states that education must train the individual to struggle successfully for his own survival Self Preservation : According to Spencer, self-preservation and self-satisfaction constitute the highest good in life and, hence, the natural instincts should be used in such a way that this highest good can be achieved. Economic Efficiency : Naturalism believes that education should be geared to the fulfillment of economic needs of the child. Sublimation of Instincts : Education should aim at the redirection and sublimation of child’s instincts. To develop individuality : Nunn prefers to use education as a means of making the individual capable of developing his own individuality. Adjustment with surrounding : Education should enable an individual to live in harmony with his surroundings. Utilization of Leisure time : It occupies an important place in the scheme of education. As such happiness of leisure should be the lasting experience. Education according to the nature of the child : Education should be according to the nature of child.

12. Naturalism and Curriculum Naturalistic curriculum is based on the interest and psychology of child. Education should be given according to inborn instincts of the child. Curriculum should lay emphasis on present life but study of past experience should be given due importance in the curriculum. Curriculum should include various activities and skills for self preservation and expression. In naturalistic curriculum no place is given to traditional subjects and religious education. Curriculum is divided in two stages I. Earlier stage : Sensory training II. Later stage : Subjects are include in the curriculum through activities and occupations like physical sciences, language, mathematics, manual work, trade, moral education, etc.

13. Naturalism and Teaching Methods Learning by doing Learning through direct experiences Education through senses Play way method Activity method Freedom to the child Observation Montessori, Kindergarten methods Self efforts, Co-Education

14. Naturalism and Discipline They want to give full freedom to the child. Nature by itself is a teacher that gives lesson of discipline to man. If the child makes a mistake he will get punishment from nature itself. No physical punishment Full freedom to child Free society

15. Naturalism and Teacher “Let Nature be your teacher”- William Words Worth Teacher as a Protector Teacher as a Stage Setter Teacher as observer Teacher’s role is secondary according to Naturalism Teacher as a gardener.

16. Naturalism and School The school environment should be completely free and flexible. It should be in the lap of nature. No fix time-table No boundation of examination No provision for punishment It should be helpful for the free and natural development of the child

17. Contribution of Naturalism Child centered education Psychological and progressive methods of teaching Freedom to child Experience centered curriculum Broad based curriculum Scientific study Instincts, impulses and emotions should form the basis of all education of the child

18. Limitations(demerits)of Naturalism Naturalism ignores the spiritual world and considers the material world. No place to religious education Unrestricted freedom to child Too much emphasis on present Against bookish knowledge Failed to prepare the child for the future life child Minimize the role of teacher Unappealing principle of ‘Discipline by natural consequences’ A teacher is an observer, a sympathetic guide and helper in structuring experiences for the child

19. Relevance of naturalism in 21st century It has shifted the subject-centered curriculum to an experience centered curriculum. It has given birth to the modern methods of teaching. It has emphasized child-centered educational process. Senses are the gateways of knowledge. Education is very much effective when it comes through sensory channels.

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