Nature and relevance of research

This presents the meaning, characteristics, values, and the types of research- according to who does the study, application of the results, research methodology, and data-gathering.

1. NATURE AND RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH TRIXIA JHOY S. ORGA Maed - English 1

2. “It’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” - Neil Armstrong

3. WHAT IS RESEARCH? It derived from the old French word recerchier or recherché which means “to look for or to go about seeking”. Research literally means to repeatedly looking for something, which had been in existence before.

4. The meaning of research as defined by the experts: Research is concerned with the finding answers (Mason & Bramble, 1989). It is a systematic, organized search for knowledge or answers to questions. It is systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information or data for some purpose (Macmillan & Schumacher, 1989). It is a process of obtaining knowledge through techniques, where truth, accuracy, validity, reliability, and other criteria can be ascertained ( Genato et al, 1993). It is a critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts or the practical application of such conclusions, theories or laws ( Leedy , 1993). It is systematic inquiry geared towards providing information to solve a problem (Emory, 1995)

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Systematic – There are interrelated steps or procedures a researcher has to observe in solving problem. It originates with a problem, followed by the gathering of data in a logical and orderly manner guided by a reasonable guess or hypothesis and ends with a conclusion based on observable facts or data. Objective – It is not based on guesswork. This is because empirical data have to be gathered by the researcher prior to making conclusions or proposing ne solution to an identified difficulty or problems.

6. Comprehensive – Examine and analyse all aspects or angles before making a generalizations or conclusions. Critical – This means that procedures employed by the researcher must be able to withstand critical scrutiny by other researchers. Valid – Whenever a researcher formulates conclusions, these have to be based on actual findings. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

7. Verifiable – Research is said to be verifiable as other researchers can check on the correctness of the results by replicating the study, based on methods and procedures employed by the researcher. Empirical – Research is empirical as generalizations drawn by a researcher are rooted upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real-life experiences or observations. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

8. THE VALUE OF RESEARCH Expert Opinion Sensory Experience Agreement With Others Reasoning Common Sense Research

9. TYPES OF RESEARCH

10. According To Who Does The Study Academic Research – It is conducted by an individual in fulfilling the requirements for the conferment of an academic title or degree. Research Project – Undertaken by an individual or group as part of their professional work or assignment.

11. According To Application of The Results Pure or Theoretical – The purpose of this is to formulate theories, laws, or principles, with no intended application of results. Applied or Practical ­ – It is an inquiry to text or evaluate a theory or knowledge arrived at, in the solution of a problem or for useful ends.

12. According To Methodology Descriptive Research – Describe systematically, factually, accurately, and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon. (What is?) Correlational or Associational Research – Probe the significance of the relationship between two or more factors or characteristics. Explanatory Research – Clarify why and how a relationship exists between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.

13. Ex Post Facto or Causal-Comparative Research – Delves on analysing the possible effect of a factor which cannot be manipulated and controlled. Experimental Research – Probes into the cause of an effect by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions. Exploratory Research- Examining or exploring areas where little is known about the research problem. According To Methodology

14. Historical Research – Researchers attempt to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the past. Ethnographic Research – Explains or describes a phenomenon holistically, with the use of multiple data collections techniques. According To Methodology

15. According to Data Qualitative – Presented in the form of words, pictures, or objects. Quantitative – Presented in the form of numbers and are usually gathered objectively and efficiently using instruments that yield in numerical data.

16. RESEARCH PROCESS STEP 1: Idea-Generating Phase STEP 2: Problem-Definition Phase STEP 3: Procedure-Design Phase STEP 4: Data-Collection Phase STEP 5: Data-Analysis Phase STEP 6: Interpretation Phase STEP 7: Communication Phase

17. THANK YOU !