nature of literature 21ST.pptx

Literature in the Philippines

1. (How to critique)

2. What is the nature of literature? L o i f ter h a u tu m r a e n ca f n ee b li e ng d s e , fin th e o d ug as ht a s, n a e n xp d re i s d s e io a n s whose medium is language, oral and written. It is not only about human ideas, thoughts, and feelings but also about experiences of the authors. I c t om c m a u n nica b t e e m w e h d a i t um the fo y r fe h e u l m , an thin t k o , experience to the readers.

3. ‘Literature’ based on different point of vie w s literature is art, literature is language, literature is aesthetic, literature is fictional, literature is expressive, and literature is affective. Literature is everything in print. I t mean s any wri t i n g c a n be categorized as literature.’.

4. How D r . E l li s describes li t erature  Dr. Rod Ellis- known as the "Father of Second Language Acquisition“ (ASL) (1989:30) defines literature as: the verbal expression of human imagination and one of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

5. Literature as art form BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT  2 CATEGORIES: IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE -is highly ‘connotative 'which means words that used in literary works have feeling and shades of meaning that words to tend to evoke. NON-IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE -means that the words refer to meaning in dictionary.

6. Literature as art form IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE —or “literature of power” includes poems, short stories, novels, and plays. It interprets human experience by presenting fictitious persons, incidents, or situations, not by actual truths about particular events . NON-FICTICTIONAL LITERATURE –or “literature of knowledge” includes biographies and essays which presents actual facts, events, experiences and ideas. (ex a m B p Y: C l H e EL D s Y S ) YGA C O EL U MBA - PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

7. Literature differ form ordinary spoken or written language  Literature u s es spec i al words, s t ructures, and characteristics. Primarily the language of literature differs from ordinary language in three ways: (1) language is concentrated and meaningful , its purpose is not simply to explain, argue, or make a point but rather to give a sense of pleasure in the discovery of a new experience, and it demands intense concentration from the readers. It indicates that the language of literature has originality, quality, creativity, and ple asure. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

8. 2 categories of literature according to  Kl e den ( 2 4 : 7 - 8 ) st a t e s that l it e rat u re can be d i f f e rentiate based on the kind of meanings that exist in a text. a) LITERARY TEXT consists of textual meaning and referential meaning and b) NON-LITERARY TEXT only consists of referential meaning. The TEXTUAL MEANING is the meaning that is produced by the relationship of text itself. R EFER E NTIA L MEAN I NG i t i s pr o d u ced by t he rela t ionship between internal text and external text (world beyond the text). Kled e B n Y : C H ELD Y S YGA C O EL U MBA - PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

9. Literary from the use of language and the  From the use of language and the existence of meaning in literary works, it can be concluded that poetry, prose and drama are put in literary works article, journalism, news, bibliography, memoir, and so on can be categorized as non-literary works. exis t e B Y n : C H c EL D e Y S YGA C O EL U MBA - PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

10. Function of literature 1. ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION- known as “ pleasure reading ”. In this function, literature is used to entertain its readers .  It is consumed for the sake of one’s enjoyment. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

11. Function of literature 2 . SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FUNCTION – Literature shows how society works around them. It helps the reader “see” the social and political constructs around him and shows the state of the people and the world around him. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

12. Function of literature 3 . IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION – shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other people .  Literature also displays a person’s ideology placed in the text consciously and unconsciously. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

13. Function of literature  4. MORAL FUNCTION – Literature may impart moral values to its readers.  The morals contained in a literary text, whether good or bad, are absorbed by whoever reads it, thus helps in shaping their personality . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

14. Function of literature  5. LINGUISTIC FUNCTION – Literature preserves the language of every civilization from where it originated .  They are also evidences that a certain civilization has existed by recording the language and preserving it through wide spans of time. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

15. Function of literature  6. CULTURAL FUNCTION – Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore and the arts of our ethnic group's heritage.  It preserves entire cultures and creates an imprint of the people’s way of living for others to read, hear, and learn . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

16. Function of literature 7. EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION – Literature teaches us of many things about the human experience. It is used to portray the facets of life that we see, and those that we would never dream of seeing. Literature therefore, is a conduct for the chance to experience and feel things where we can learn things about life. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT SEEING IS BELIEVING

17. Function of literature  8. HISTORICAL FUNCTION – Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets etc, keeps a record of events that happened in the place where they originated.  Thus, they serve as time capsules of letters that is studies by scholars and researchers of today. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

18. Importance of literature Literature improves your command of language. It teaches you about the life, cultures and experiences of people in other parts of the world. It gives you information about other parts of the world which you may never be able to visit in your lifetime. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

19. Importance of literature  It entertains you and provides useful occupation in your free time.  I t m a ke s you a w i se r and m o re experienced person by forcing you to  judge , sy m pathize w i th, o r critici z e the characters you read about. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

20. Importance of literature  I t he l ps you c o mp a re yo u r own experiences with the experiences of  other people.  It gives information which may be useful in other subjects, for example,  i n Ge o gr a phy, Sc i ence , H i stor y , S ocial Studies, and so on. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

21. Importance of literary criticism As a tool in literary studies, critic plays an important role in doing studies or analysis about literary work. Applying criticism make our focus on certain aspect or element of literary work sharper than reading as usual. The reader can focus on an aspect as his interest toward the literary work. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

22. Universal characteristic of literature  LITERATURE is a permanent expression in words of some though or feelings or idea about life and the world. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT Timelessness Eternity Universality Permanence

23. Literary criticism and its purpose BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT Literary criticism refers to analysis and judgment of works of literature. It tries to interpret specific works of literature, and also helps us to identify and understand different ways of examining and interpreting them. Study of literary criticism contributes to maintenance of high standards of literature . analyze before you judge

24. Literary criticism and its purpose  It is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature .  Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

25. Functions of literary criticism The modern understanding of criticism is regarded as having two different functions which helps to achieve the main purposes of criticism . Criticism is the process of analysis and description and interpretation of literary works for the purpose of increasing understanding and raising appreciation. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

26. How do you do literary criticism? BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT Method to Applying Advanced Critical Techniques Read the work of literature critically. Evaluate as you read. Brainstorm which aspect to write about. Formulate a thesis statement. Create an outline. Select quotes and patterns that support your thesis. Find other criticism to support your thesis.

27. Types of literary criticism  S u ch an a ly s i s m a y b e ba s e d from a vari e ty of cr i ti c a l approaches or movements, such as: archetypal criticism, cultural criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, Marxist Criticism, New Criticism (formalism/structuralism), New Historicism, post-structuralism, and reader-response criticism. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

28. Types of literary criticism ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM - is a critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on symbols, images, and character types in literary works that is used to discuss in plot, character or situation. It recognizes conscious and unconscious symbols that relates to emotions, values, feelings to specific images. It encourages the readers to examine basic beliefs, fear, and anxieties . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

29. Types of literary criticism  CULTURAL CRITICISM – focuses on the elements of culture and how they affects one’s perceptions and understanding of texts.  4 assumptions: BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

30. Types of literary criticism FEMINIST CRITICISM is a product of the feminist movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s. It is the representation of women in literature as an expression of the social norms about women and their social roles and as a means of socialization. It focused on the images of the women in books by male writers to expose the patriarchal ideology and how women characters are portrayed . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

31. Types of literary criticism PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM – based on Sigmund Frued ID, ego and superego, the author’s own childhood effects the book and character. It is a type of criticism that uses theories of psychology to analyze literature. It focuses on the author’s state of mind or the state of the mind of fictional character. Uses 2 different approaches: psychoanalysis of the author and psychoanalysis of the character . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

32. Types of literary criticism MARXIST CRITICISM - applies political science and economics to the study of literature. Grew out of writings of Karl Marx, who was highly critical of the capitalist system of economics and politics. It concerned with the issues of class conflict and materialism, wealth, work, and the various ideologies that surrounds these things. It connotes higher class do control arts, literatures, and ideologies. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

33. Marxism as compared to Feminist and New  Like feminist critics , it investigates how literature can work as a force for social change or as a reaffirmation of existing conditions.  Like New Historicism , it examines how history influences literature; the difference is that Marxism focuses on the lower class . Histori c BY : i C s H E m LD Y S YGA C O EL U MB A - PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

34. How to do Marxist reading 1 . Look for e x amp l es o f op pre ssion , b a d wor k i n g co n di t ions , c l a ss struggles and other related issues. 2 . Search for t h e “c o ve r t ” m ea n in g un derneath the “ o ve rt” which is about class struggles, historical stages, and economic conditions. Relate the context of a work to the social-class status of the author. Relate the literary work to the social conditions of its time period. Explain an entire genre in terms of its social period. 6. Show how literature is shaped by political, economic, labor, and class conditions. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

35. Types of literary criticism  NEW CRITICISM (FORMALISM/STRUCTURALISM) – New criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated in American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20 th century which emphasized close reading particularly of poetry , to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.

36. Types of literary criticism FORMALISM refers to critical approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate the inherent features of a text . These features include not only the grammar and syntax but also literary devices such as a meter and figures of speech . It reduces the importance of a text’s historical biographical and cultural context. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

37. Types of literary criticism NEW HISTORICISM – was fist developed in 1980 by the American critic Stephen Greenbelts. It is based on the idea that literature should be studied and interpreted within a wide context examining both how the author’s time affected the work and how the work reflects the author’s time, in turn recognizing that current cultural contexts color that critic’s conclusion. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

38. Types of literary criticism POST-STRUCTURALISM - offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques structuralism premise. It rejects the idea of a literary text having a single purpose, a single meaning, or one singular existence . It argues to understand an object (e.g. a text), it is necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

39. Post-structuralism critic P O S T - S TRUC TURA LI S T IC C R I T I C m ust be able to utilize a variety of perspectives to create a multifaceted interpretation of a text , even if these interpretations conflict with one another. It is particularly important to analyze how the meanings of a text shift in relation to certain variables, usually the identity of the reader. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

40. Types of literary criticism READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM – (RR) critic believe that a reader’s interaction with the text give its meaning. The text cannot exist without the reader. It focuses on the reader or audience and the experience of a literary work rather than the author or the context and form of work. If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around to hear, does it make a noise? If a text sits on the shelf in a bookstore and no one is around to read it, does the text have meaning? BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

41. Role of the Reader Response Criticism The role of the reader is pivotal in the understanding of literature—they can use a psychoanalytical, structural, feminist, etc. approach to formulate their criticism (anything goes). Readers are active in the reading process. They cannot read literature passively but must react and therefore bring meaning to the text. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

42. How to Critique Literature 1. Read the literature carefully. You start a critique not when you sit down to write the essay, but when you sit down to read the work of literature.  Ask yourself why the characters do the things they do in all works of literature, whether novels, short stories, essays, or poems. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

43. How to Critique Literature 2 . Create a graphic organizer. Organize your observations, including an idea web, Venn diagram, T-chart, and more. For example , for a T-chart, list the names of the characters in one column and their actions in another as you read. After reading, you can add a column with why you think they did each action. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

44. How to Critique Literature 3. Think about the literal meaning. Think about what each character did and how each action contributed to the plot. Look at your graphic organizer to help you understand what happened in the book. Don’t try to decide what that author is saying at this point. Just look at the actions and plot at face value . This is similar to artwork. Instead of looking at a painting to figure out what the artist was communicating, just look at what is literally present in the painting. For example , what items are present in Van Gogh’s ‘’Starry Night’’? Don’t think about what he is trying to say in this painting; think about the stars, the swirling night sky, and the houses below. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

45. How to Critique Literature 4. Think about what the author might be suggesting about society or humanity. After you have a good understanding of the events of the book, you can try to understand what the author was suggesting about human nature through the characters and their actions. These things are called the themes . For example , ask yourself, why does the witch turn the prince into a beast in Beauty and the Beast? What does this action suggest about human nature? Also think about what lesson the reader can learn from the characters. What does the Beast teach us? BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

46. How to Critique Literature 5. Form a thesis statement . After you have selected one lesson the reader can learn from the work of literature, it is time to make a thesis statement out of it. A thesis statement is a single sentence that makes a claim about the piece of literature that can be supported using textual evidence , such as quotes from the piece of literature. [2] The format for a thesis may look something like this: i s tr u e b e caus e , , and .  [ 3 ] T he f i rst b l ank i s your opinion . For e x am p l e , The Bea s t teaches us that we should be hospitable to everyone. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT T e xt u al evidence

47. How to Critique Literature Forming a thesis statement The rest of the blanks tell why your opinion is true: The Beast teaches us that we should be hospitable to everyone because he learns from his mistake, becomes a compassionate person through his time as a beast, and regrets that he was ever rude to the witch. However, keep in mind that there are many different ways to form a thesis. What is most important is to make sure that your thesis includes a claim and a summary of the reasons for your claim . For example , you might phrase your thesis as “Because the Beast suffers for his actions, Beauty and the Beast argues that we should be hospitable to everyone and this theme carries through the story.” BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

48. How to Critique Literature 6. Locate evidence in the literature to support your thesis. Look again at your graphic organizer and look for events that demonstrate all of the reasons your thesis is true . Highlight these events and make sure you have the page numbers. You can summarize these events, or use direct quotes from the book, but both need to have a page number. This prevents plagiarism. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

49. How to Critique Literature For example , you might use a quote that shows how the Beast is inhospitable as one of your first examples. Then, you might use other examples from the text to show the continuation of this theme. You do not have to use direct quotes all of the time. You can also paraphrase a passage by putting it into your own words, or summarize longer passages by describing the events in a less detailed way in your own words. No matter if you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing, make sure that you include a page number for your evidence. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

50. How to Critique Literature 7. Make an outline. Use your thesis statement in order to prepare an organized essay. An outline should have roman numerals for each paragraph and regular numbers for the parts of each paragraph. Look up an example of a good outline to guide you. Fill in the outline with topic sentences and events from the literature that support each topic sentence. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

51. How to Critique Literature 8. Write the essay. Prepare a detailed outline. Write at least five paragraphs. The thesis statement comes at the end of the first paragraph, and each body paragraph has one or two quotes or examples from the text. Make sure to introduce each quote and then explain the quote or example after you put it in the body paragraphs. Close the essay with a conclusion paragraph, where you summarize the essay in just a few sentences. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

52. How to Critique Literature 9. Revise the essay. Be sure to proofread and edit your essay. Loo k for ty p os, p u n ctua t io n e r rors , and grammar errors. You sh ou l d c o r r ect these mis t ak e s ( c a l led revising) before turning in the essay. It is helpful to have someone else read the essay to help you find these errors . BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

53. Branches of literature  Literature has only three specific and main branches and that is poetry , prose and drama . Even though this are just three but it is subdivided in to many categories and more sub categories that we cannot count immediately. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

54. Prose  Liter a t u re that i s writt en i n t h e ord i nary lang u a ge wit h out metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse.  Types of prose are: NONFICTIONAL PROSE - it includes biographies, essays, journals, letters, memoirs, autobiographies, biographies, essays, diaries and journals, magazines, newspapers, subject text books such as in Geography, History and Civic Education FICTIONAL PROSE - it includes novels, novellas, short stories, plays, poems, oral literature, and songs. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

55. Fictional Literature Plays poems short stories Novels oral literature and songs

56. Non-Fictional Literature autobiographies, Biographies essays diaries Journals Magazines newspapers subject text books such as: in Geography History and Civic Education

57. Example of Prose in Literature  I shall never be fool enough to turn knight-errant. For I see quite well that it’s not the fashion now to do as they did in the olden days when they say those famous knights roamed the world. (Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes) Don Quixote is often considered the forerunner of the modern novel, and here we can see Cervantes’s prose style as being very direct with some sarcasm.

58. Example of Prose in Literature “I never know you was so brave, Jim,” she went on comfortingly. “You is just like big mans; you wait for him lift his head and then you go for him. Ain’t you feel scared a bit? Now we take that snake home and show everybody. Nobody ain’t seen in this kawn-tree so big snake like you kill.” (My Antonia by Willa Cather) In this excerpt from My Antonia, Willa Cather uses her prose to suggest the sound of Antonia’s English. She is a recent immigrant and as the book progresses her English improves, yet never loses the flavor of being a non-native speaker. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT

59. Thank you for reading! CHELDHAYE