Nature of work bba

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1. NATURE OF WORK Submitted to : Purnima Mam Submitted by : Megha Sharma BBA 6 TH SEM CONTEMPORARAY ISSUES In HRM

2. Introduction Meaning and definition Factors affecting employees performance Factors affecting nature of work Labour process theory Agency theory Social exchange theory Leadership making stages/phases Conclusion

3. Every individual is engaged in some kind of work in our day to day lives. Workers in larger firms trends to be more specialized while those in smaller firms have a variety of duties. Beginners may start a business as a trainees while experienced workers undertakes more difficult tasks and are expected to perform with less supervision People work to earn a living to make money. But they also work for a sense of satisfaction , recognition , power etc The work place can be an office , hospital , mall institution , departments , utility centers etc

4. Meaning : Work simply means the application of knowledge and skills to achieve a common purpose or goal . Definition : According to marrian : Work is sustained , physical and mental effort to overcome obstacles and achieve objectives or results

5. Faced with decreasing performance levels of employees, some questions that are likely to occupy a manager’s mind would be – What training can I give them to increase their productivity and performance? How can I motivate them so that they perform to the best of their abilities However, before deciding on a training program, the manager needs to identify the factors that affect the productivity and performance of employees. Unless you know the causes, you will not be able to find the solutions. The causes for dwindling productivity of employees could be any of the following factors : Skills & knowledge Clarity about roles Work environment and culture Employee attitude Stress Outdated technology Gossip

6. Skills & knowledge : If employees do not have the necessary capability, skill or knowledge to do the job, their performance suffers. Clarity about roles :   Employees need to know their responsibilities and have a clear understanding about what they need to accomplish at the end of the day. Ambiguity about roles could be another reason for a drop in their performance. Work environment and culture : Unhealthy work environment is another factor that affects performance of employees. A  positive workplace culture  boosts employee morale, creates a work environment that is enjoyable and contributes to increased productivity .

7. Employee attitude : If employees do not have the enthusiasm to work and are disinterested in the job, it would have an impact on their performance Stress : in today work environment there are rising pressure of stress . Some employee sustain while others succumb to the rising pressures .if in any work organization where stress level is high will be reluctant o join and those working Outdated technology : if the employees is not be productive and efficient , if they are not equipped with the right and latest technology Gossip : It is a common feature where here are group of persons working together . It causes loss to the organization and also affects the individual productivity

8. According to the researchers its proved that employee job satisfaction can improve the service quality and increase productivity so its is necessary that employees are staisfied There are various psychological factors affects the nature of work and job satisfaction : Work condition and work environment Pay and promotions to the employees Job security Poor relationship and relationship with the supervisor Level of goals and objectives Regular feedback and performance appraisal

9. Work condition and work environment : It is necessary to improve the working condition of workers and also take care about the work environment ..it is related about the welfare facilities of workers . Pay and promotions to the employees : Properly wages paid to the employees on time because of their satisfaction and also increase their working levels by promotions Job security : Job security is very important factor which affects the nature of work and its is necessary to see employees are feel satisfied about their work or not ?

10. Poor relationship and relationship with supervisors : if the employees are not happy with their work or they wants promotions but the supervisors ignores their wishes it creates poor relationship between employees and supervisors Levels of goals and objectives It is important to see the goals or objectives are properly set out by the managers or not ? According to the work level of the employees or not If the goals are properly set it is easily understandable and achieved by the employees Regular feedback and performance appraisal : In work organization regular feedback and performance appraisal about the work of employees is important if employees doesn’t give feedback its not good for organization

11. Here the following theories about work as listed below : Labour process theory Agency theory Exchange theory

12. Labour process theory  is a late Marxist  theory  of the organization of work under capitalism. According to Marx,  labour process  refers to the  process  where by labour  is materialized or objectified in use values. Following some elements covered in this process theory (1)The work itself a purposive productive activity (2) the object(s) on which that work is performed (3) The tools which facilitate the process of work . [1]

13. Implications of agency theory : It is a theory of governance in the workplace Superiors and subordinates are separate and responsibilities must be delegated This principals delegates responsibilities and agents are to manage the work assigned The agency contract can specify compensation plan for the agent that can be financial or non financial

14. It is popularly known as leader member exchange theory or vertical dyad linkage theory (VDL) theory This theory gave the concept of two way relations tips that exists between supervisors and subordinates One is HIGH and another is LOW (both are exists type of relationships ) HIGH : exchange relationship LOW : exchange relationship . The employees are categorized in (2) groups : (in) and (out) groups Is the relationship between superiors and subordinate is HIGH then its based on features like compatibility and competency

15. If subordinates categorized in (in) groups then they likely get : rewards , pay offs , opportunities , promotions . If both between LOW exchange relationship then they categorized in (out) groups and will bear negative points But on the approach of leadership making advocates that the leader should develop high quality exchanges with all his subordinates and every subordinates should feel that they are part of (in-group) rather then into discriminating into (out-group )

16. There are all kinds of scenarios where social exchange theory looms large in the workplace. Let’s take a look at (5) of them : Employees work extremely hard but aren’t recognized for their efforts Employees work extremely hard but aren’t paid well for their efforts Employees realize they’re in a terrible atmosphere Employees realize they are picking up way too much slack for their coworkers Managers have rock-star employees who are the best at what they do. Thing is, they have a hard time following rules

17. Stranger : Phase (1) Interactions within the leader-subordinate dyad are generally rule bound Rely on contractual relationships Relate to each other within prescribed organizational roles Motives of subordinate directed toward self-interest rather than good of the group

18. Acquaintance : Begins with an “offer” by leader/subordinate for improved career-oriented social exchanges Testing period for both, assessing whether-the subordinate is interested in taking on new roles-leader is willing to provide new challenges• Shift in dyad from formalized interactions to new ways of relating Quality of exchanges improve along with greater trust &respect Less focus on self-interest, more on goals of the group Phase 2

19. Mature Partnership : Marked by high-quality leader-member exchanges Experience high degree of mutual trust, respect, and obligation toward each other High degree of reciprocity between leaders and subordinates May depend on each other for favors and special assistance

20. The evolution of our society from an industrial age is causing a great change , These changes are : Environmental Social Demographic Political or economical Other changes are : Wage expectations conflicts Transformation in technology Rise in inequality and discrimination Development of service sector New policies and programs Downsizing of number of employees

21. This can be concluded that the work is important for everyone …..and it can be improve through the various theory about nature of works in the organization as we discussed later ….and factors is also important to affected on the employees performance ….

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