Navigational aids

Navigational aids for harbours & docks

1. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS 1) DHRUV JADAV -- 43 3) SHYAM BHARADVA --10 2) CHINTAN KHETARIYA -- 54 4) ANIL BARAD --07 CLASS:- S.S. OF B.E. CIVIL THIRD YEAR YEAR:- 2017-2018

2. DEFINATION The term “ aid to navigation ” means any object or device, external to a vessel that is intended to assist a navigator in fixing his position or determining a safe course past hazards to navigation. It includes both fixed and floating objects such as lights, light ships, buoys, day beacons, and fog signals, plus electronic aids to navigation such as radio beacons . They also serve to warn of hidden dangers and assist in making landfall when approaching from the high seas. They also provide a continuous chain of charted marks, showing improved channels and assisting in coastal piloting.

3. IMPORTANCE OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Enhances safety and can act as good safety barriers. Help to improve safety at seas. Finding and safely navigating a narrow channel in a wide expanse of water. Also help mariners in determining their position with respect to land or any navigational hazard or hidden danger.

4. TYPES OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Depending upon structure………….. There are two types of navigational aids. 1) Fixed structures 2) Floating structures   Depending upon service and visibility…. There are four types of navigational aids 1)Coast approach light station 2)Obstruction light station 3)Approach channel lighting 4) H arbour light signal

5. FIXED NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES There are following three types of fixed navigation structures . 1) Navigational lights of piers :- For the navigational purpose at the port or harbour locate the light system on the piers.

6. 2) Beacon lights :- A beacon is an intentionally conspicuous device designed to attract a ttention to a specific location Beacons can also be combined with semaphoric or other indicators to Provide important information, such as the navigation of the ships. Beacons help guide navigators to their destinators . Types of navigational beacons:- 1) Radar reflectors 2) Radio beacons 3) sonic and visual signals

7. 1. Radar reflectors:- Radar reflectors is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle or velocity of objects. RADAR BEACON AT THE RANGE OF MUMBAI PORT RADAR BEACON

8. RADIO BEACON ON THE LAND RADIO BEACON ON THE SURFACE OF THE SEA 2. Radio beacons:- A radio beacon is a transmitter at a known location on specified radio frequency

9. 3. Sonic and visual signals Visual beacons range from small, single-pipe structure to large lighthouse or light station and can be located on land or water There are also used of lights in navigation of ships at harbour , like fixed light,Occulting light, Flashing light and coloured light

10. 3)Light house:- It is a lofty structure popularly built of masonry or reinforced concrete in the shape of a tall tower on a high pedestal. The tower is divided into convenient number of floors, the topmost floor containing powerful lighting equipment and its operating machinery. The lower floors are used, as stores and living rooms necessary for the maintenance and working of the light station. The main parts of a typical lighthouse tower are illustrated in fig. Lighthouses may be located on shore or on islands away from the mainland as in the case of warning light stations In the former case, the lighthouse may be easily connected with the nearest village or township by proper communications, while in the later situation it is located far habited area.

11. In either case as a matter of convenience and urgency, all the requirement for the efficient and unfailing maintenance and working of the lighthouse , like stores and staff quarters are provided in the lighthouse shaft . Essentially required to assist navigator in conducting the vessels during night hours. Therefore, the navigator must have knowledge of the light characteristics of the aids to navigation. Light house is one of the important lighted navigational aid, are placed in a height with powerful light to assist the navigator or wherever a danger requires a warning.

12. LIGHT HOUSE AT PORTUGLE LIGHT HOUSE AT GOA

13. Components • Even if lighthouse do vary greatly due to their usage and location, they also have similar components wherever they may be. Each structure has a light station that is composed of the tower and all its underlying buildings like the fuel house, living quarters of the keeper, fog- signaling building, and boathouse. •The Lantern Room is where the lamp and lens are located. It is usually a glassed-in quarter located at the top of the tower structure where the light is operated by the keeper. The glasses are storm-proof and there is also a ventilator for the releasing of the smoke and heat build up. A grounding system and lightning rod are connected to the Cupola to provide safety against lightning strikes. •Just underneath the Lantern Room is the Service Room or Watch Room. This is where the keeper prepares the lantern and keeps his watch for the night. Fuel and other important supplies are also kept in this room.

14. Dimensions:- The heights and dimensions of lighthouses around the world vary greatly depending on their location and usage . Light house can be from 80 feet to 200 feet. Depending upon the need of the particular space and soil bearing capacity it very from 50 to 300 feet. The base of the structure at the ground level should have a surface area of not less than four square meters or 43 square feet.

15. Some facts about light house Lighthouses are painted differently to help mariners identify them during the day. For example, a lighthouse may be painted all white if its surroundings/background is dark. The red and white stripes help the mariner identify the lighthouse if it’s up against a white background, such as cliffs or rocks. The height of a lighthouse takes into account the curvature of the earth, so the higher light above MHW (mean high water), the further away it can be seen at sea. But the light should not be so high up that local sailors will not see it. This is why you will frequently get shorter lighthouses on the top of cliffs and taller lighthouses built nearer the water surface. Originally lighthouses were lit with open fires, only later progressing through candles, lanterns and electric lights. These days, lighthouses are run by machines and remote monitoring. The automatic sensors decide if there is extra moisture in the air, and if so turn on the fog signals. Radio signals are used to communicate with the ships. But when the technology was not so advanced the lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.

16. FLOATING NAVIGATIONAL AIDS There are two types 1 . Light ships 2 . Buoys

17. 1)Light ships:- Lightship is a ship which is act as light house. They are used in waters the are to deep or unsuitable for lighthouse First lightship was posted in 1820 in United States in Elizabeth river. Afterward, for a time lightships proliferated; but their number has steadily decreased Light ships mark the entrances to harbours or estuaries, dangerous shoals lying in much frequented waters. Maintenance cost is very high for Light ships when compare to light house.

18. BRITISH LIGHT SHIP Identification of lights navigator must be familiar with the lights and their characteristics printed in the chart to identify each light correctly. Each light is assigned with characteristics of colour and off-on periods for easy identification. vessel will be mislead when the navigator fail to identify lights correctly The colour of the light and flashing characteristics in a full cycle should be carefully noted by the navigator.

19. Mooring Holding the vessel in position was an important aspect of lightvessel engineering. Early lightships used fluke anchors, which are still in use on many contemporary vessels. These were not very satisfactory, since a lightship has to remain stationary in very rough seas which other vessels can avoid, and these anchors are prone to dragging

20. 2)Buoys Buoys are floating structures, moored to the bottom of the sea. Used to mark channels and fairways, shoals, rocks, wrecks and other dangers to navigation. Buoys are floating objects heavily anchored to the bottom that are intended to convey information to a navigator by their shape and colour , by the characteristics of a visible or audible signal or a combination of two or more such features. Buoys have top marks and exhibit light. And they have also fitted with radar reflectors and audio signals Buoys are perhaps the largest category of aids of navigation and come in many shapes.

21. TYPES OF BUOYS Can buoy - a  buoy  with a flat-topped cylindrical shape above water, marking the left side of a channel  leading into a   harbour: red in British waters but  green (occasionally  black) in US waters

22. Spar Buoys- Upright wooden poles, or tubes of steel which are often used to mark obstruction

23. Nun buoy - a buoy marks the LEFT side of the channel leaving a harbour.It will be RED and have EVEN number on it

24. Lighted buoy - Lighted buoys carry batteries or gas tank and have a framework that supports a light A fixed light may be on either a green or red channel buoy. A regular interval light flashing at not more than thirty flashes per minute may be on either a green or red buoy

25. Bell buoy - Have flat tops, surmounted by a framework supporting a bell The motion of the sea sounds older bell buoys Newer types are automatically by compressed gas or electricity

26. CHART SYMBOL OF BUOY Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels and there are two international Buoyage Regions - A and B - where these Lateral marks differ . Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating marks except landfall lights, leading lights and marks, sectored lights and major floating lights

27. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS AT COASTAL LINE OF GUJRAT LIGHTHOUSE NAVADRA It is established in 1986 Three white flashes every 15 s. 35 m (115 ft ) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal red and whitebands . This lighthouse was built to provide the first light for the long stretch of coastline between Porbandar and Dwarka Focal plane of this lighthouse is 55m

28. PIROTAN ISLAND JAMNAGAR It is established in 1958 Its focal plane 26 m (85 ft ); White flash every 20 s. 21 m (69 ft ) round masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal black and white bands

29. Bhadreswar ( Nakti Creek) focal plane 77 m (253 ft ); Three white flashes every 20s . 60 m (197 ft ) round concrete tower with lantern and double gallery. Entire lighthouse is white.

30. MANDVI It is established in 1889 This was a round cylindrical tower with lantern and gallery mounted on a round stone tower 17th century fortress of Mandvi ; The light was listed with a focal plane of 35 m (115 ft ).

31. VESSEL Length 21 m breadth 6mtr . (Red hull) HEIGHT ABOVE MSL 12 M OPTICAL EQUIPMENT DRUM OPTIC SOURCE OF ENERGY SOLAR POWER MAIN LIGHT CHARACTER FLASH AT EVERY 10S LIGHTSHIPS PERIGEE LIGHTSHIP AT BHAVNAGAR

32. The Major Port of Kandla , situated about 90 km off the mouth of Gulf of Kutch in the Kandla Creek at Latitude 23 degree 1 minute North and Longitude 70 degree 13 minutes East, is the lone Major Port on the Gujarat coast line along the West Coast of the country. It is the largest port of India by volume of cargo handled. Kandla Port. Trust, India's busiest major port in recent years, is gearing to add substantial cargo handling capacity with private sector participation . KANDLA PORT LOCATION

33. Navigational facilities at Kandla port Round-the-clock navigation Permissible draught 12.6 mtrs . Ships with 240 mtrs . length overall and 65,000 DWT are accommodated presently.

34. Safe, protected and vast anchorage at outer harbour for waiting and lighterage purpose. 22 lighted navigational buoys with solar lights are provided in the navigational channel.   Light house as an aid for night navigation.

35. REFERENCE :- WWW.MARITIMEJOURNAL.COM WWW.FISH4FUN.COM BOOK :- S.P. BINDRA(DOCKS AND HARBOUR

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