Neem products used in plant protection

Integrated disease management Maize diseases

1. N E E M TOPIC: IMPORTENCE OF NEEM PRODUCTS AND WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS USED IN PLANT PROTECTION, MODE OF ACTION OF THE ACTIVE INGRADIENTS

2. NEEM NATURES ECOFRIENDLY ECONOMICAL MIRACLE

3. NEEM NEEM: Azadirachta indica ABOUT NEEM: Vernacular names Names for this plant in various languages include Nim :   Bengali Scientific classification : Nim ,  Neem :   Hindi Kingdom : Plantae Bevu :   Kannada Angiosperms Arya Veppu : Malayalam Order : Sapindales Nimm   : Punjabi Family : Miliaceae Nimba   : Sanskrit ,  Marathi ,  Oriya Genus : Azadirachta Kohomba   : Sinhala Speices : A. indica Vepa   : Telugu Vembu   : Tamil Dongoyaro  : Yoruba Limado   : Gujarati

4. Neem is a fast-growing  tree  that can reach a height of 15–20 metres (49–66  ft ), rarely to 35–40 metres (115–131  ft ). It is  evergreen , but in severe  drought  it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a diameter of 15–20 metres (49–66  ft ) in old, free-standing specimens. The neem tree is very similar in appearance to its relative, the   Chinaberry   ( Melia azedarach ).

5. IMPORTENCE OF NEEM PRODUCTS: So many uses in herbal medicinel . Neem is used to combat tiredness, cough, fever, loss of appetite, and worm infestations . It is used in vomiting, skin diseases , and excessive thirst. It heals wounds, reverses gum disease, reduces high blood pressure , and is used to treat arthritis, malaria, diabetes, liver disease, and cancer . Neem leaves reportedly remove toxins, purify blood , and prevent damage caused by free radicals in the body by neutralizing them .

6. Neem seeds and leaves are purported to be spermicidal. Neem leaves are dried in India and placed in cupboards to prevent insects eating the clothes and also while storing rice in tins.  Neem leaves are dried and burnt in the tropical regions to keep away mosquitoes. These flowers are also used in many  Indian festivals  like  Ugadi . Used As an  ayurvedic  herb, neem is also used in baths.

7. Neem leaves are used as green leaf manure and also in preparation of litter compost. Neem leaves are also used in storage of grains.

8. Neem blossoms  are used in  Andhra Pradesh ,  Tamil Nadu  and  Karnataka  to prepare  Ugadi pachhadi . A mixture of neem flowers and  jaggery  (or unrefined brown sugar) is prepared and offered to friends and relatives, symbolic of sweet and bitter events in the upcoming new year,  Ugadi . " Bevina hoovina gojju " (a type of curry prepared with neem blossoms) is common in Karnataka throughout the year. Dried blossoms are used when fresh blossoms are not available. In Tamil Nadu, a  rasam  ( veppam poo rasam ) made with neem blossoms is a culinary specialty.

9. Neem oil oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree and has insecticidal and medicinal properties due to which it has been used in pest control in rice cultivation.

10. Neem bark and roots also have medicinal properties. Bark & roots in powdered form are also used to control fleas & sucking pests in rice cultivation.

11. NEEM CAKE AS FERTILIZER: Organic manure made from Neem protects plant root from Nematodes, soil grubs and white ants. This is mainly due to presence of residual  limonoid   content present in Neem . Neem cake also has natural pesticidal properties. Neem cake application has shown to  increase dry matter content. Research has shown Neem seed cake application reduces alkalinity in the soil. As Neem produces organic acid naturally on decomposition . Neem cake being totally natural it is compatible with beneficial soil microbes , improves microflora which ensures better soil fertility . Neem cake also improves the organic matter content in the soil, soil texture, water holding capacity and soil aeration which helps in better root development.

12. Twigs of neem when tender is used as green manure after decomposing and widely incorporated in rice cultivation fields. Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to have insecticidal properties. It is used as foliar spray and in treating seeds in rice cultivation.

13. PRODUCTS OF NAUTRE NEEM:

14. PRODUCTS OF NAUTRE NEEM: 1.NATURE NEEM OIL: 100% cold pressed neem oil. 2.TOTAL CARE: ( Neem oil water soluble): Neem oil for pesticidal applications. 3.BIO CARE ( Neem oil + karanja oil water soluble) : neem oil foe animal skin care. 4.NUTRAZA ( Neem organic fertilizer) : Neems organic supplements in pellets and liquid. 5. NEEM GUARD : Urea coating agent with denitrifying factors in powder and liquid form. 6.C0C0 TERRE: Planting and potting media rich form coir pith enriched with neem and organic sub.

15. GENERIC NEEM PRODUCTS FROM NATURE NEEM Nature Neem seed cake and seed products : seed cake aftet the extraction of oil Organic manures – neem enriched : FYM, poultry droppings, vermi compost, Bat guano, blood meal, fish meal, bone meal. Bio-inoculants- neem enriched : Beneficial microorganisms – Azospirillum , phosphobacteria , Azotobacter , trichoderma , Pseudomonas, VAM. NEEM MEDICINAL AND COSMECTIC PRODUCTS Nature Neem plant parts: neem flowers, leaf extracts, barks, seed power, gum, roots etc…. Nature Neem Ayurvedic soaps: Hand made soaps of vegetable origin.

16. COCO / COIR PRODUCT RANGES FROM NATURE NEEM COC GROW: Growing media rich with neem and coir pith. COCO HUSK CHIPS: Skin of coconut used as bio mulch. COCO POTS: Biopots from coir enriched with neem . COCO CHARCO: Coconut shell charcoal for barbecue. COCO BLOCKS: Coir pith blocks Other Bio products of nature neem : KARANJA PRODUCTS : Pure karanja oil , karanja seed cake. ALOE VERA PRODUCTS : Raw aloe vera plant extract. SEAWEED EXTRACTS PRODUCTS : Dry seaweed meal or liquid extracts. TURMERIC PRODUCTS FROM NATURE NEEM : Dried rhizomes or powder of turmeric. PEPPER PRODUCTS AND CARDAMOM FROM NATURE NEEM : The famous indian pepper from nature neem and processed cardamom capsules respectively

17. NSKE EXTRACT

18. NEEM IN agriculture 1. Neem used as Fertilizer 2. Neem used as Manure 3 . Neem as urea coating agent 4 . Neem as Soil Conditioner 5.Neem products used in plant protection

19. Neem products used in plant protection Neem as Bio-pesticide The importance of neem as bio-pesticide was realized by the modern scientific community, as early as 1959 , (German scientist in Sudan) . Literatures confirm that neem can effectively get rid of over 200 pest species that affects plants. The pesticidal characteristics of neem is largely attributable to Azadirachtin found in the neem extracts. which is a growth regulator and as well as a powerful feeding and ovipositional deterrent . Azadirachtin is non-volatile and an insect cannot prevent it by smell but has to taste it , in order to respond to it. A taste of azadirachtin stimulates at least one 'deterrent neuron' in insects which show an anti- feedant response.

20. Neem oil can also suffocate mites, whiteflies, aphids and other types of soft bodied insects on contact. So it is clear that neem does not kill on contact, rather it inhibits feeding and reproduction of the pests . These multiple modes of action make it unlikely that insects and plant pathogens can develop resistance to neem . Also certain pest such as floral thrips , diamond back moth and several leaf miners which develop resistance to the inorganic pesticides or that are inherently difficult to control with conventional pesticides are effectively controlled or managed with neem .

21. NEEMOIL Controls both fungal and bacterial infections The last few years we have talked about how great neem oil is as an insecticide and mitacide , but we don't want to forget the many fungal and bacterial problems neem oil can also solve. Neem oil is pressed from the fruits and seeds of Neem ( Azadirachta indica ), an evergreen tree which is native to India, and is used as a broad spectrum insecticide, miticide , and fungicide , which is used on vegetables, fruit trees, ornamentals, and more . It is used commonly as an effective fungicide for the prevention and control of various fungal diseases including: powdery mildew black spot mildew and scab Anthracnose rust leaf spot

22. botrytis needle rust tip blight alternaria It also controls bacterial diseases such as fire blight . As a preventative :   neem oil should be applied on a 7 to 14 day schedule until the potential for disease development is no longer present.  To control disease already present :  apply neem oil on a 7 day schedule until disease pressure is eliminated. Then continue spraying on a 14 day schedule to prevent the disease from reoccurring. Directions for Use: Mix at the rate of 2 tablespoons (30 ml) per gallon (3.8 l) of water. Thoroughly mix solution and spray all plant surfaces, including the undersides of the leaves, until completely wet. Frequently shake the solution as you spray to keep it mixed.

23. Insecticide/ Miticide Use :  Apply this product at first sign of insects/mites. For control of aphids, spider mites, scale, whitefly, beetles, leafrollers and other insect pests. This product is most effective when applied every 7 to 14 days. For heavy insect populations, spray on a 7 day schedule . Insecticide/ Miticide Application Rate :  Mix this product at the rate of 2 - 4 tablespoons (1- 2 fluid ounces) per gallon of water. Thoroughly mix solution and spray all plant surfaces (including the underside of leaves) until completely wet. Frequently mix solution as you spray. Bee Hazard :   This product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. Do not apply this product while bees are actively visiting the treatment area.

24. The Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) of neem The emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of Neem prepared mostly from the Neem oil is used as the pesticide of choice in organic agriculture. It belongs to the category of medium to broad spectrum pesticides ·   Neem pesticide is a natural product, absolutely non toxic, 100% biodegradable and eco friendly .   It is suited for mixing with other synthetic pesticide and in fact enhances their action. None or lesser quantity of synthetic pesticides needs to be used, thereby reducing the environmental load. Several synthetic pesticides being single chemical compounds cause easy development of resistant species of pests. Neem consists of several compounds hence development of resistance is impossible .  

25.   Neem does not destroy natural predators and parasites of pests thereby allowing these natural enemies to keep a check on the pest population. Neem also has systemic action and seedlings can absorb and accumulate the neem compounds to make the whole plant pest resistant. Neem has a broad spectrum of action active on more than 200 species of pests. Neem is harmless to non target and beneficial organisms like pollinators, honey bees, mammals and other vertebrates.

26. In insects moulting is governed by an enzyme ecdysone When the neem components, especially Azadirachtin enter into the body of larvae , the activity of ecdysone is suppressed and the larva fails to moult, remains in the larval stage and ultimately dies. If the concentration of Azadirachtin is not sufficient, the larva manages to enter the pupal stage but dies at this stage . if the concentration is still less the adult emerging from the pupa is 100 % malformed , absolutely sterile without any capacity for reproduction.   How Neem works as a pesticide As an insect growth regulator:  

27. As a feeding deterrent :  The most important property of neem is feeding deterrence. When an insect larva sits on the leaf, the larva is hungry and it wants to feed on the leaf. This particular trigger of feeding is given through the maxillary glands give a trigger, peristalsis in the alimentary canal is speeded up , the larva feels hungry and its starts feeding on the surface of the leaf. When the leaf is treated with neem product, because of the presence of Azadirachtin , Salanin and  Melandriol there is an anti – peristaltic wave in the alimentary canal and this produces something similar to vomiting sensation in the insect . Because of this sensation the insect does not feed on the neem treated surface. Its ability to swallow is also blocked .

28. As an ovipositional Deterrent : Another way in which neem reduces pests is not by allowing the female to deposits eggs . This property is known as Ovipositional deterrence, and comes in very handy when the seeds in storage are coated with neem Kernel powder and neem oil. Neem in storage control Throughout the tropics much of the food harvested is lost during storage. More affluent farmers can and do spray their stored food crops with chemical pesticides to prevent worms, beetles and other infestations. Other pesticidal activity includes : The formation of chitin (exoskeleton) is also inhibited . Mating as well as sexual communication is disrupted. Larvae and adults of insects are repelled. Adults are sterilized . Larvae and adults are poisoned.

29. Neem as a bio-fungicide : As a fungicide, neem oil is mainly used as a preventative and when disease is just starting to show. It coats the leaf surface which in turn prevents the germination of the fungal spores. Neem oil is effective against rots, mildews, rusts, scab, leaf spot and blights .   Neem as fumigant Neem tree has been used against household, storage pests and crop pests. Neem pest fumigant is available in gaseous state and is used as a pesticide and disinfectant. It is being used by a large number of countries on a commercial basis by farmers and agriculturists.

30. Mode of applications of Neem pesticide : However the EC formulations are mostly applied as aerial sprays . It is also applied as soil drench to some plant species which translocates it through the plant tissue. Neem can be effectively used in Hydroponics, Aeroponics , greenhouses, shade houses, ornamentals, interior- scapes , horticulture, landscapes, nurseries, turf farms, shrubs, flowering shrubs, fruits and nut trees.

31. MODE OF ACTION : Neem acts as a biopesticide at different levels and in various ways. Primarily it acts as antifeedant ie .,when an insect larva is hungry and it wants to feed on the leaf but if the leaf is treated with neem product, because of the presence of azadirachtin , salaninand melandriol there is an antiperistalitic wave in the alimentary canal and this produces something similar to vomiting sensation in the insect. Because of this sensation the insect does not feed on the neem treated surface and ability to swallow is also blocked. Secondly it acts as oviposition deterrent ie ., by not allowing the female to deposits eggs comes in very handy when the seeds in storage are coated with neem kernel powder and/or neem oil. It also acts as insect growth regulator . It is a very interesting property of neem product and unique in nature, ie ., it works on juvenile harmone .

32. Brown planthopper – Nilaparvata lugens Neem oil 3% Neem seed kernel extract 5% or soil application @ 25 kg/ha Black bug - Scotinophoralurida Spray Neem seed kernel extract 5% or soil application @ 25 kg/ha Ear head bug - Leptocorisaacuta   Sheath rot - Saroclodium oryzae Sheath blight – Rhizoctonia solani   Neem seed kernel extract 5% or soil application @ 25 kg/ha NSKE (5% ) or Neem oil 3% Foliar spray with Neem oil at 3%   PLANT PROTECTIN MEASURES : Recommentations of use of neem oil and NSKE for different pest management NEEM BASED PESTICIDES:

33. INSTITUTION PRODUCT A.J.Chemicals , Ahmedabad Neemata-2100 Ajay Biotech ltd., pune Bioneeem (0.03% Aza ) Amit Biotech ltd., calcutta Pestoneem(kernel extract) Amitul Agrochem Pvt. Ltd. Nethrin Angel Biotech Speciality Pvt. Ltd. Aza formulation Sri Krishna co., coimbatore Neem Top Sridisha Biotech Pvt. Ltd., hyderabad Nimar Victoria laborates, salem Nimbosol

34. The material left after oil is squeezed out from seeds and is popularly known as the seed cake ; It acts as a bio fertilizer and helps in providing the required nutrients to plants . It is widely used to ensure a high yield of crops. Neem is used as a fertilizer both for food crops and cash crops, particularly rice and sugarcane crop. Benefits : Neem seed cake performs the dual function of both fertilizer and pesticide , acts as a soil enricher, reduces the growth of soil pest and bacteria, provides macro nutrients essential for all plant growth, helps to increase the yield of plants in the long run, bio degradable and Eco friendly and excellent soil conditioner. 2) Neem used as Fertilizer

35. 3. Neem as urea coating agent Neem and its parts are being used to manufacture urea coating agent to improve and maintain the fertility of soil. The fertility of the soil can be measured by the amount of Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorous. it has; there are certain bacteria found in soil, which denitrify it Benefits Use of neem urea coating agent helps to retard the activity and growth of the bacteria responsible for denitrification . It prevents the loss of urea inthe soil. available either in liquid form or powdered form . Properties of Neem Urea Coating are Anti feedant , anti fertili ty and pest growth regulator .

36. Neem used as Manure Manure is any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta for improving the soil fertility and thus promoting plant growth. the compounds found in it help to increase the nitrogen and phosphorous content in the soil. It is rich in sulphur, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, etc. Neem cake is used to manufacture high quality organic or natural manure, which does not have any aftermaths on plants, soil and other living organisms .

37. Requirements of neem cake for manuring Characteristic Requirement Maximum moisture (%by mass) - 10.0 Minimum water-soluble organic N % by mass on moisture-free basis - 2.5 Maximum total ash (% by mass) - 13.0 Maximum acid-insoluble ash (% by mass ) on moisture –free basis - 5.0      

38. Neem as Soil Conditioner Neem seed granules or powdered seeds are used to manufacture the soil conditioner. It can be applied during sowing of plants or can be sprinkled and raked into the soil . The process of sprinkling should be followed by proper irrigation so that the product reaches the roots. Benefits : Neem is a natural soil conditioner that helps improve the quality of soil, prevents them from being destroyed by certain pests and insects. Organic soil conditioner is gaining popularity in agricultural industry.

39. Neem products used as: As a vegetable The tender shoots and flowers of the neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in India. Veppampoo charu   made of the flower of neem is prepared in  Tamil Nadu . In  West Bengal , young neem leaves udes as t he dish is called  nim begun  and acts as an appetizer. Neem gum is a rich source of protein. Pickled neem leaves are also eaten with tomato and fish paste sauce in Myanmar.

40. Safety issues Neem oil can cause some forms of toxic   encephalopathy (brain damage due to lack of oxygen) and   ophthalmopathy ( also known as thyroid eye disease (TED )  if consumed in large quantities . Toiletries :   Neem oil  is used for preparing cosmetics such as soap, shampoo, balms and creams as well as toothpaste. Neem gum  is used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of special purpose foods . Bird repellent : Neem leaf boiled in water can be used as a very cost effective bird  repellent , especially for sparrows.

41. Toothbrush : Traditionally, slender neem twigs (called datun ;) are first chewed as a  toothbrush  and then split as a  tongue cleaner Lubricant   : Neem oil is non drying and it resists degradation better than most vegetable oils. In rural India, it is commonly used to grease cart wheels. Fertilizer  : Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. Neem cake is widely used to fertilize cash crops, particularly sugarcane and vegetables. Resin  : An exudate can be tapped from the trunk by wounding the bark. This high protein material is not a substitute for  polysaccharide  gum, such as  gum arabic Bark  : Neem bark contains 14% tannin, an amount similar to that in conventional tannin yielding trees (such as  Acacia decurrens ).

42. Cosmetics  : Neem is perceived in India as a beauty aid. Powdered leaves are a major component of at least one widely used facial cream. Purified neem oil is also used in nail polish and other cosmetics. Honey  : In parts of Asia neem honey commands premium prices, and people promote  apiculture  by planting neem trees. Soap  : 80% of India's supply of neem oil is now used by neem oil soap manufacturers

43. Against pox viruses  : In Tamil Nadu, people who are affected with  pox viruses  are generally made to lie in bed made of neem leaves and branches. This prevents the spreading of pox virus to others and has been in practice since early centuries. Fungicide use : Instead of using copper, sulphur, or even systemic treatments, biological neem oil is used on fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, spices, roses, houseplants, flowers, trees, and shrubs. NEEM protected fruits

44. Neem and environment  The natural insecticides, fungicides and bio-pesticides made out of neem have many advantages. Research studies indicate that they are not harmful to humans or animals. The pests will not develop resistance over generations while the beneficial insects like butterflies, ladybugs, etc are spared. The soil is enriched, and neem extracts leave no residue in the environment. Neem's " soft" pesticide character improves the lives of impoverished farmers throughout the tropical range of the neem tree.

45. By discussing all the aspects of neem we concluded that neem tree is eco-friendly and used against pest and disease. No hazards to natural enemies . To reduce the input levels of crop. Increasing yield and economic level of farmers. CONCLUSION:

46. 1) Applied Entomology Author : D S Reddy 2) A Textbook of Applied Entomology Author : K.P. Srivastava G.S. Dhaliwal 3 ) www.motherearthnews.com › Mother Earth News Blogs › Natural Health 4)www.webmd.com/vitamins .../ingredientmono-577- neem .aspx?... neem 5)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica REFERENCES

47. Acknowledge I acknowledge the scientists who spent valuable time in generating information on various aspects of plant pathology and entamology and displayed the same on internet for use by students teachers and researchers.

48. ThanQ