negative reinforcement.pptx

what is negative reinforcement and how does it work

1. Negative Reinforcement Dr. Sumera Hanif

2. Session Objectives Know what is negative reinforcement Define negative reinforcement Determine the factors of negative reinforcement Find how to negative reinforcement in teaching practice Know the three types of Negative Reinforcement Contingencies Review a case study to understand the impact of negative reinforcement

3. What is negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement is a method that can be used to help teach specific behaviors. With negative reinforcement, something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus. Over time, the target behavior should increase with the expectation that the unpleasant thing will be taken away.

4. Wikipedia and Dictionary Definition Negative reinforcement is the practice of removing something negative from the space of the subject as a way to encourage the antecedent behavior from that subject. (Wikipedia) Negative reinforcement encourages specific behaviors by removing or avoiding negative consequences or stimuli. It is different than punishment, which aims to discourage a specific behavior. ( healthline )

5. How does negative reinforcement work? People might misinterpret negative reinforcement with punishment but it is not misunderstood. Negative reinforcement is the encouragement of certain behaviors by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimuli. People typically use this technique to help children learn good patterns of behavior, but it can also play a role in training animals and pets. Whereas, punishment involves involve removing a reward or applying an unpleasant stimulus. Negative reinforcement does the vice versa.

6. Factors of negative reinforcemnet Negative reinforcement involves four factors. Establishing operation EO, an SD (discriminative stimulus), the response or behavior, and the SR- or the abolishment or reduction of the EO.

7. Three Types of Negative Reinforcement Contingencies Escape Contingency Avoidance Contingency Free-Operant Avoidance

8. Case Study An example of negative reinforcement in the classroom and its benefit

9. Establishing Operation (A young child is crying.) SD (The child puts his hands up toward his mother while crying.) Response/Behavior (The mother picks up her child.) SR- (The child stops crying.)

10. Impact as a Result of Negative Reinforcement acting on the Mothers Behavior The mother picks up her child more often in the future when her child cries and, especially when the child reaches his hands toward the mother. Lets review how the example above fits with the definition and characteristics of negative reinforcement. A behavior occurs in this case, the mother picks up her child The behavior is followed by the termination of a stimulus in this case, the child stops crying The behavior occurs more often in the future – The mom picks up her child more often in the future when her child cries.

11. Conclusion Negative reinforcement aims to increase specific behaviors by removing negative consequences or stimuli. It is part of the operant conditioning theory of learning, which includes positive reinforcement and increases behaviors through rewards. Punishments are different because they involve either removing a reward or using an unpleasant outcome to discourage behaviors. Negative reinforcement can help encourage good behavior in children and teenagers at school, but its effectiveness will depend on the individual.

12. Resources https://psychcentral.com/pro/child-therapist/2019/12/what-is-negative-reinforcement-definition-3-types-and-examples#Escape-Contingency https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/7-2-changing-behavior-through-reinforcement-and-punishment-operant-conditioning/ https://www.healthline.com/health/negative-reinforcement#in-the-classroom https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiIDRQE03SE https://www.slideshare.net/ashimagarg89/reinforcement-in-classroom