Neo behaviorism (Facilitating Learning)

This just my report.. Just sharing :)

1. Neo Bahaviorism : Tolman and Bandura

2. Behaviorism -The prediction and control of human behaviour in which introspection and/or independent thinking play no essential part of it’s teaching methods. Neo Behaviorism -is a behaviour cannot be full understood simply in terms of observable stimuli and reactions. Neo behaviorism introduce mediating variables into the behaviorist stimulus-response scheme.

3. Neo Behaviorism Edward Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

4. Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism Purposive behaviorism has also been reffered to as Sign Learning Theory and is often seen as the link between behaviorism and cognitive theory. Tolman’s theory was founded on two psychological views: those of the Gestalt psychologists and those of John Watson, the behaviorist. Tolman believed that learning is a cognitive process. Learning involves forming beliefs and obtaining knowledgeabout the environment and then revealing that knowledge through purposeful and goal-directed behavior.

5. Tolman stated in his sign theory that an organism learns by pursuing signs to a goal, Ex. Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior. He stressed the organized aspect of learning: “The stimuli which are allowed in are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative cognitive-like map of the environment. And it is this tentative map, indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships, which finally determines what responses, if any, the animal will finally make.”

6. Tolman’s Key Conept Learning is always purposive and goal-directed. Tolman asserted the learning is always purposive and goal-directed. He believed individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive toward goals. Tolman saw behavior as holistic, purposive and cognitive. Cognitive maps (in rats) This is tendency to “learn location” signified that rats somehow formed cognitive maps that help them perform well on the maze . They learned the location rather than a specific sequence of turns. He also found out that oganisms will select the shortest or easiest path to achieve a goal

7. Latent Learning. Latent learning is a kind of learning that remains or stays with the individual until needed . It is learning that is not outwardly manifested at once. According to tolman it can exist even if without reinforcement. The concept of intervening variable. Intervening variables that are not readily seen but serve as determinats of behavior . Tolman believe that learning is mediated or is influence by expextations , perceptions, presentations, needs and other internal or environmental variables. Example, in his experiments with rats he found out that hunger was intervening variables. Reinforcement not essential for learning. Tolman concluded that reinforcement is not essential for learning, although it provides an incentive for performance. In his studies, he observed that a rat was able to acquire knowledge of the way through a maze, i.e , to develop a cognitive map, even the absence of the reinforcement.

8. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Social learning theory focuses on the leaning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation and modeling . The ten-year old boy Sergio Pelico did watch Saddam’s execution on TV and then must have imitated it Among others, Albert Bantura is considerd the leading proponent of this theory.

9. General principles of social learning theory People can learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of those behaviours Learning can occur without a change in behaviour. Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years, social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in interpretation of human learning Social Learing theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviourist learning theories and cognitive learning theories .

10. How the environment reinforces and punishes modeling People are often reinforced for modeling the behaviour of others. Bandura suggested that the environment also reinforces modeling . This is in several possible ways: The observer is reinforce by the model. The observer is reinforced by a third person, the observe might be modeling the actions of someone else. The imitated behaviour itself leads to to reinforcing consequences. Many behaviours that we learn from others produce satisfying or reinforcing results Consequences of the model’s behaviour affect the observer’s behaviour vicariously. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. This where the model is reinforced for a response and then the observer shows an increase in that same response.

11. Contemporary social learning perspective of reinforcement and punishment Contemporary theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects on learning. They are not the sole or main cause. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a behaviour that has been learned. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive processes that promote learning.

12. Cognitive factors in social learning Social learning theory has cognitive factors as well as behaviorist factors . 1. Learning without performance: Bandura makes a distinction between learning through observation and the actual imitation of what has been learned. 2. Cognitive processing during learning: Social learning theorists contend that attention is a critical factor in learning. 3. Expectations: As a result of being reinforced, people form expectations about the consequences that future behaviors are likely to bring. They expect certain behaviors to bring reinforcements and others to bring punishment. The learner needs to be aware , however, of the response reinforcements and response punishment. Reinforcement increases a response only when the learner is aware of that connection.

13. 4. Reciprocal causation: Bandura proposed that behavior can influence both the environment and the person. In fact each of these three variables , the person, the behavior, and the environment can have an influence on each other. 5. Modeling: There are different types of models. There is the live model , an actual person demonstrating the behavior. There can also be a symbolic model , which can be a person or action portrayed in some other medium, such as television, videotape, computer programs.

14. Behaviours that can be learned through modeling Many behaviours can be learned , at least partly , through modeling . Examples that can be cited are, students can watch parents read , students can watch demonstration of mathematics problems, or see someone act bravely in a fearful situation . Aggression can be learned through models. Research indicates that children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral thinking and moral behaviour are influenced by observation and modeling . This includes moral judgements regarding right and wrong which can, in part, develop through modeling .

15. Conditions necessary for effective modeling to occur Bandura mentions four conditions that are necessary before an individual can be successfully model the behaviour of someone else: Attention - The person must pay attention to the model Retention - The observe must be able to remember the behviour that has been observed. One way of increasing this is using the technique of rehearsal. Motor Reproduction - The third condition is the ability to replicate the behaviour that the model has just demonstrated. Motivation - The final necessary ingredient for modeling to occur in motivation.

16. Effects of modeling on behavior: Modeling teaches new behaviors. 2. Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors. 3. Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviors. 4. Modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviors .

17. Educational implications of social learning theory 1. Students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people. 2. Describing the consequences of behavior can effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones. 3. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviors. Instead of using shaping, which is operant conditioning, modeling can provide a faster , more efficient means for teaching new behavior. To promote effective modeling, a teacher must make sure that the four essential conditions exist; attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.

18. 4. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors. 5. Teachers should expose students to a variety of other models . This technique is especially important to break down traditional stereotypes.

19. Module 8 is all about Neo behaviorism by Tolman and ________? In Tolman’s Key Concept, what kind of learning that remains or stays with the individual until needed? According to tolman it can exist even without reinforcement. 3-4. There are two types of model. evli model (an actual person demonstrating the behavior ) ymlicsbo model (a person or action portrayed in some other medium, such as television, video tape, computer programs.) 5. Reinforcement is essential for learning. True or false?

20. Answers Bandura Latent Learning Live Model Symbolic Model False (Reinforcement NOT essential for learning)